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Anatomy > Chp 2 Chest > Flashcards

Chp 2 Chest Flashcards

1
Q

What topographic landmarks are used for positioning the chest?

A

Anterior:
-The jugular notch (T2-T3)
-Xiphoid process tip (T9 or T10)

Posterior:
-C7 vertebral prominens
-T7 midthorax

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2
Q

Where is the mid thorax relative to the thoracic spine?

A

T7

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3
Q

Bony thorax

A

Part of the skeletal system, that is the protective framework of the chest that involves breathing and circulation.

sternum, clavicles (2), scapulas (2) and thoracic vertebrae (12),
12 pairs of ribs

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4
Q

Three sections of the chest (thorax)

A

Bony thorax
Respiratory system
Mediastinum

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5
Q

Thoracic viscera

A

Parts of the chest, consisting of lungs and mediastinum (organs: esophagus, heart, thymus, trachea)

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6
Q

Location of trachea

A

-Anterior to esophagus
-extending from C6 (larynx junction) to T4 or T5 (carina) where it divides into left and right bronchi’s.

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7
Q

How many lobes does each bronchi have?

A

Right bronchi- three lobes connecting to three individual lobes of the right lung. Shorter, wider and more vertical.

Left bronchi- two lobes that connect to two lobes of the left lung. These lobes are long and narrow.

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8
Q

Why does the left lung only have two lobes?

A

The left lung has a depression on the medial side to make room for the heart

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9
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

A pathology in which air or gas has leaked into the pleural cavity.

Pressure of the air or gas may cause the lung to collapse.

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10
Q

Hemothorax

A

When blood gets into the pleural cavity.

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11
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

A

Alveoli

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12
Q

Pleura

A

A delicate double walled sack that contains the lungs.

Outer layer - parietal pleural

Inner layer - visceral pleura.

In between these layers is the pleural cavity.

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13
Q

Primary muscle of inspiration

A

Diaphragm

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14
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

A

The diaphragm moves downward and increases lung capacity.

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15
Q

What are the three divisions of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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16
Q

Uvula

A

Inferioposterior aspect of the soft plate of pharynx.

Identifies the boundary between the nasopharynx and oropharynx.

Little dangly thing in the back of your throat.

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17
Q

Epiglottis

A

Functions as a lid, covering the laryngeal opening during swallowing to prevent food from entering the larynx and bronchi.

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18
Q

What is the lungs composed of?

A

The lungs are composed of a light spongy, highly elastic substance called parenchyma.

Allows for expansion and contraction.

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19
Q

What are the important radiographic parts of the lung?

A

Apex - rounded upper area above the level of the clavicles. Extending up into the lower neck area to T1. (Must be shown in chest radiographs)

Carina - The point where the trachea separates into right, and left bronchi.

Base - the lower concave area of each lung that rest on the diaphragm.

Costophrenic angle - the extreme outermost lower corner of each lung where the diaphragm meets the ribs.

Hilum - known as the root region is the central area of each lung where the bronchi, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves, enter and leave the lungs. “Party at the hilum”

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20
Q

Which lung is shorter?

A

The right lung is about 1 inch shorter than the left.

Because the large space occupying the liver, which is located in the right upper abdomen and pushes up on the right hemi diaphragm.

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21
Q

Where is the esophagus located?

A

Posterior to the trachea and the larynx.

Connects the pharynx to the stomach.

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22
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Horseshoe shaped bone in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage.

The only bone in the human body, not connected to any other bones.

Aids and swallowing, speech and movement of tongue.

23
Q

Pigg-o-stat

A

Pediatric positioning device used for x-ray exams.

24
Q

Where is the approximate area of the xiphoid process?

A

T9 to T10

25
Q

What marks the boundary between the oropharynx and the nasopharynx?

A

Uvula

26
Q

From what part of the anatomy is the larynx suspended?

A

Hyoid bone

27
Q

How many fissures are in the right lung?

A

Two deep fissures separating the superior lobe, middle lobe, and inferior lobe.

28
Q

What is the double-walled membrane that contains the lungs?

A

Pleura

29
Q

What is the medial portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs called?

A

Mediastinum.

For structures in the mediastinum: trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, heart and great vessels

30
Q

Hypersthenic

A

Body habitus associated with a broad and deep thorax

31
Q

What are the criteria’s for a PA and lateral chest radiograph?

A

PA Chest
-No rotation. Make sure patient is standing evenly with feet slightly spread apart, shoulders rolled forward and downward.

  • Both the right and left sternal ends of the clavicle are the same distance from the centerline of the spine.

-Extending the neck and chin up insures. They are not super imposing the upper regions (apices) of the lung.

-Image during inspiration.

-ideally want at least 10 ribs in image.

-Apex of lungs at the top and costophrenic angles at the bottom are shown.

Lateral
-Left lateral to IR unless indicated otherwise

-No rotation or tilt ensuring ribs are super imposed.

-Arms raised

32
Q

CR chest positioning method for PA chest

A

Locating the vertebra prominens (T1) and using hand spread method to find The center of the lungs field. 7 inches for females 8 inches for males.

33
Q

CR chest positioning method for AP Chest

A

Locating the jugular notch. 3 to 4 inches below jugular notch for CR (about the hand width with the fingers together is approximately 3 inches)

34
Q

What is the typical kilovoltage range for chest x-ray of adult patients?

A

110-125 kVp

35
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity.

36
Q

Which anterior oblique projection would best elongate the left thorax?

A

RAO

37
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

A condition in which excess fluid builds in the lungs, as a result of obstruction of the pulmonary circulation

38
Q

Atelectasis

A

Condition, in which all or a portion of the lung is collapsed

39
Q

When a patient is in a left lateral decubitus position is the coronal plane parallel or perpendicular to the image receptor?

A

Parallel

40
Q

What are the different names for the notch on the top portion of the sternum?

A

Jugular notch, manubrial notch, or suprasternal notch

41
Q

Where is the jugular notch in reference to the thoracic spine?

A

T2-T3

42
Q

Asthenic

A

The extreme opposite of hypersthenic body habitus. Thorax is very narrow and shallow from front to back, but very long, vertical dimension.

43
Q

Sthenic

A

Average thoracic chest space.

44
Q

Hyposthenic

A

Slender body habitus

45
Q

Pulmonary emboli

A

Sudden blockage of artery in lung

46
Q

What are the four general divisions of the respiratory system system?

A

Pharynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

47
Q

Why do we do a chest x-ray at 72” SID?

A

Less magnification occurs at a greater SID.

Less magnification of the heart and other structures within the thorax.

Higher resolution.

48
Q

What is the purpose of a grid? Would you need a grid for a PA x-ray?

A

A grid absorbs scatter radiation before it hits the IR.

It is important in a Chest x-ray. It would help create a better radiograph and improve image contrast.

49
Q

The boundary between the nasopharynx and oropharynx

A

Uvula

50
Q

Emphysema

A

Irreversible and chronic lung disease, where the alveoli air spaces are enlarged and have lost elasticity. Lungs become radiolucent and elongated. Requires less mAs.

51
Q

Pleurisy

A

Inflammation of the pleura

52
Q

What pathologies require an expiration chest x-ray?

A

Pneumothorax and COPD

53
Q

Where would you place the CR for most geriatric patients?

A

A little higher, because geriatric patients have a shallow lung field.

They may also have kyphosis (hunchback)

Anatomy (3 decks)

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