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Anatomy Chp 2 > Chp 2 > Flashcards

Chp 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A human cell consists of three major parts:

A
  • plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
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2
Q

What are the two major roles of the plasma membrane

A
  • it separates the internal cellular components from the external environment
  • It regulates the movements of substances into and out of the cell
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3
Q

Describes the structure of the plasma membrane

A
  • fluid mosaic model
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4
Q

The major chemical components are _______ and __________

A
  • lipids and protein
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5
Q

The membrane lipids include:

A
  • phospholipids
  • Cholesterol
  • Glycolipids
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6
Q

Define phospholipids

A

form a lipid bilayer that is the basic framework of the plasma membrane

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7
Q

Define cholesterol

A

molecules which strengthen the membrane

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8
Q

Define glycolipids

A
  • perform functions on the membranes outer surface
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9
Q

The membrane proteins include:

A
  • integral proteins, and peripheral proteins
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10
Q

Define integral proteins

A
  • primarily transmembrane proteins (many of these are glycoproteins) and lipid linked proteins
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11
Q

Define peripheral proteins

A
  • located on the inner and outer surfaces of the phospholipid bilayer: the carbohydrate portions of the glycolipids and glycoproteins form a cell surface coat called the glycocalyx
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12
Q

Some proteins form _________ through which specific substances may pass into or out of the cell

A

ion channels

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13
Q

Some proteins are _________ (carrier proteins) that carry specific substances across the membrane

A
  • transporters
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14
Q

Some proteins are _________ for extracellular signalling molecules called _________

A
  • receptors, ligands
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15
Q

Some glycoproteins and glycolipids are _________ involved in recognition of other cells

A
  • cell identity markers
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16
Q

Some proteins serve as ________ which anchor membrane proteins of neighboring cells to eachother or to filaments inside and outside the cell

A
  • linkers
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17
Q

Due to its chemistry and structure, the plasma membrane has ___________ that selectively regulates the passage of specific substances into and out of the cell

A
  • selective permeability
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18
Q

The various fluids that substances move to or form include:

A
  • intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytosol
  • Extracellular fluid (ECF)
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19
Q

Extracellular fluid includes

A
  • interstitial fluid located between cells of tissues
  • Plasma located in lymphatic vessels
  • Lymph located in lymphatic vessel’s
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20
Q

Specific substances move across the plasma membrane by:

A
  • passive processes, active processes, or vesicular transport
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21
Q

In passive processes substances move across plasma membrane due to their own kinetic energy _______ a concentration gradient.

A

Down

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22
Q

_______ is a process in which substances move down a concentration gradient without any aid provided by membrane components

A

Diffusion

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23
Q

________ is the process in which water molecules diffuse down their concentration gradient through membrane channels between neighboring phospholipids

A

Osmosis

24
Q

___________ is a process in which substances move down a concentration gradient with the aid of a membrane due to energy

A

Facilitated diffusion

25
Q

In __________ substances move across a plasma membrane due to energy provided by ATP, ___________ a concentration gradient

A

Active processes, atp

26
Q

In _______ transport, energy is expended so that vesicles either detach from the plasma membrane to import substances into the cell or fuse with plasma membrane to export substances from the cell

A

Vesicular

27
Q

_______ is a process in which extracellular molecules and particles are surrounded, enclosed, and brought into the cell by an invaginating segment of the plasma membrane

A

Endocytosis

28
Q

Three basic types of endocytosis are

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis (involving a membrane receptor), phagocytosis(cellular eating), bulk phase endocytosis or pinocytosis (cellular drinking)

29
Q

________ is a process in which intracellular vesicle enclosed substances are released into the extracellular fluid by membrane fusion with the plasma membrane

A

Exocytosis

30
Q

______ is a process in which substances are moved by vesicles into a cell on one side, across the cell, and then out of the cell on the other side

A

Transcytosis

31
Q

The _____ is the intracellular fluid in which organelles are suspended and in which solutes are dissolved; collectively all of these intracellular components form the cytoplasms

A

Cytosol

32
Q

What provides shape to the cell and play roles in cell movements as well as movements of organelles within cells

A

Filaments

33
Q

_______ are thin filaments that preform these functions, they also provide mechanical support, within fingerlike projections of the plasma membrane called ________

A

Microfilaments, microvilli

34
Q

_____ are long thin cylindrical structures that participate in determining cell shape and function in the intracellular transport of organelles

A

Microtubules

35
Q

_____ have a diameter between that of microfilaments and microtubules, they help position organelles as well as to strengthen and give shape to the cell

A

Intermediate filaments

36
Q

Cilia form the…

A

Inner lining of the respiratory tract

37
Q

_____ are typically short and numerous; are found in several types of human cells where their function is to move materials past the surfaces of these cells

A

Cilia

38
Q

______ are typo long and few in number; only example in human cell is the tail of the sperm where its function is to propel the cell

A

Flagella

39
Q

Microvilli are found where

A

In the small intestine, on the surface of egg cells, as well as on white blood cells

40
Q

_____ float in the cytosol whereas _____ membrane bound ribosome are attached primarily to the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Free ribosomes, membrane bound ribosomes

41
Q

Ribosomes are organelles where ____ occurs

A

Protein synthesis

42
Q

Membranes that are studded with ribosomes that synthesize proteins destined to be secreted or delivered to lysosomes or to the plasma membrane

A

Rough er

43
Q

Membranes have ribosomes but are sites for lipid synthesis, toxin detoxification, calcium storage in muscle cells

A

Smooth er

44
Q

What provides protein and lipids from the rough we

A

Golgi complex

45
Q

Suicide sacks

A

Lysosomes

46
Q

Spherical membranes enclosed sacs that form from the golgi complex

A

Lysosomes

47
Q

Small, spherical, membrane enclosed sacs that contain enzymes that use molecular oxygen to oxidize various organic molecules, important to the liver and kidney

A

Peroxisomes

48
Q

Power house of the cell

A

Mitochondria

49
Q

Provide energy for cellular processes

A

Mitochondria

50
Q

Contains chromatin

A

Nucleus

51
Q

Somatic cell progress through a cell cycle that consists of

A

Interphase and mitotic phase

52
Q

The mitotic phase consisted of two major events :

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

53
Q

Process that divides the cytoplasms into two masses resulting in the formation of two daughter cells, each with its own set of identical genetic material

A

Cytokinesis

54
Q

Cytokinesis begins toward the end of mitosis and involves the formation of a ______ typically at the equator of the cell

A

Cleavage furrow

55
Q

Cells that undergo orderly, genetically programmed death

A

Apoptosis

56
Q

A pathological type of cell death that results from tissue injury

A

Necrosis

Anatomy Chp 2 (1 decks)

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