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Chp 16 The Retroperitoneum > Chp 16 The Retroperitoneum > Flashcards

Chp 16 The Retroperitoneum Flashcards

1
Q

Outer parenchyma of the adrenal gland that secretes steroid hormones commonly called corticoids

A

Cortex

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2
Q

Portion of the pelvic cavity that is above the pelvic brim, bounded posteriorly by the lumbar vertebrae, laterally by the iliac fossae and iliacus muscles, and anteriorly by the lower anterior abdominal wall

A

False pelvis

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3
Q

Central tissue of the adrenal gland that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Medulla

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4
Q

Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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5
Q

An increase in the number of cells of a body part that results from an increased rate of cellular division

A

Hyperplasia

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6
Q

Conditions caused by hyposecretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex

A

Addison’s disease

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7
Q

Malignant adrenal mass that is seen in pediatric patients

A

Neuroblastoma

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8
Q

Early embryonic tissue that will eventually develop into the brain and spinal cord

A

Neuroectodermal tissue

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9
Q

Smooth, round, homogeneous benign tumor of the adrenal cortex associated with Cushing’s syndrome

A

Adenoma

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10
Q

Malignancy that primarily affects the lymph nodes, spleen, or liver

A

Lymphoma

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11
Q

Condition caused by hypersecretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex

A

Cushing’s syndrome

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12
Q

Any disorder characterized by enlargement of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels

A

Lymphadenopathy

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13
Q

Benign adrenal tumor that secretes hormones that produce hypertension

A

Pheochromocytoma

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14
Q

The retroperitoneal space is the area between the posterior portion of the ________ and the _______ abdominal wall muscles.

A

parietal

posterior

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15
Q

The retroperitoneal space is subdivided into three spaces: ____________ space, the _________ space, and the ____________ space.

A

anterior pararenal
perirenal
posterior pararenal

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16
Q

The ________ space surrounds, the kidney, adrenal, and perirenal fat.

A

perirenal

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17
Q

The ___________ space includes the duodenum, pancreas, and ascending and transverse colon.

A

anterior pararenal

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18
Q

The ___________ space includes the iliopsoas muscle, ureter, and branches of the inferior vena cava and their lymphatics.

A

posterior pararenal

19
Q

The right adrenal is more ________ to the kidney, whereas the left adrenal is more ________ to the kidney.

A

superior

medial

20
Q

The right renal artery crosses _______ to the crus and ________ to the inferior vena cava at the level of the right kidney.

A

anterior

posterior

21
Q

The ______ muscle, the fascia of which merges within the posterior transversalis fascia, makes up the medial border of this posterior space.

A

psoas

22
Q

The male sex hormones are ________, and the female sex hormones are ________.

A

androgens

estrogens

23
Q

Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex in humans is called _________ disease.

A

Addison’s

24
Q

The steroids secreted by the adrenal cortex fall into the following 3 main categories: ____________, _____________, and ___________.

A

mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
sex hormones

25
Q

____________ regulate electrolyte metabolism.

A

Mineralocorticoids

26
Q

The principal mineralocorticoid is ________.

A

aldosterone

27
Q

_____________ play a principal role in carbohydrate metabolism.

A

Glucocorticoids

28
Q

The primary glucocorticoids are ________ and _________.

A

cortisone

hydrocortisone

29
Q

Adrenal tumors in women can promote secondary ________ characteristics.

A

masculine

30
Q

The adrenal cortex is controlled by _____________ hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary.

A

adrenocorticotropic

31
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are amines, sometimes referred to as ______________, that elevates the blood pressure.

A

catecholamines

32
Q

Describe the sonographic findings for the para-aortic lymph nodes.

A

Ultrasound patterns include rounded, focal, echo-poor lesions measuring to 1 to 3 cm and larger hypoechoic masses, which often displace the kidney laterally.
Appearance includes a “mantle” of nodes, a “floating” or anterior displaced aorta secondary to the enlarged nodes, or the mesenteric “sandwich” sign, representing the anterior and posterior node masses surrounding the mesenteric vessels.

33
Q

Explain how to distinguish enlarged lymph nodes from bowel.

A

Lymph nodes remain as consistent patterns, whereas the bowel and the duodenum present with changing peristaltic patterns on ultrasound.
As gentle pressure is applied, the lymph nodes remain constant in shape, but the bowel is compressed and displaced.

34
Q

Adrenal hemorrhages are more common in neonates who experienced a traumatic delivery that included ______, ________, and __________.

A

stress
asphyxia
septicemia

35
Q

The clinical symptoms of pheochromocytoma include intermittent __________, severe ________, heart __________, and excess perspiration.

A

hypertension
headaches
palpitations

36
Q

A _______ is a walled-off collection of extravasated urine that develops spontaneously after trauma, surgery, or a subacute or chronic urinary obstruction.

A

urinoma

37
Q

A 39 year old female with history of lymphoma came in for an abdominal ultrasound exam. Describe the sonographic findings.

A

Enlarged lymph nodes

38
Q

What are the arrows pointing to in this patient with splenomegaly? What should the sonographer do to be sure?

A

Pointing to enlarged nodes. Color Doppler should be used to ensure that prominent nodes are not vascular.

39
Q

A 6 day old premature infant with a change in hematocrit shows an abnormality on this right upper quadrant image. What is the abnormality?

A

Adrenal hemorrhage

40
Q

This patient presents with uncontrollable hypertension. Identify the anomaly shown in sonograms.

A

The pheochromocytoma is a homogenous tumor that has a weak posterior wall and decreased through transmission.

41
Q

A 39 year old female with history of lymphoma came in for an abdominal ultrasound exam. Describe the sonographic findings.

A

Enlarged lymph nodes

42
Q

What are the arrows pointing to in this patient with splenomegaly? What should the sonographer do to be sure?

A

Pointing to enlarged nodes. Color Doppler should be used to ensure that prominent nodes are not vascular.

43
Q

A 6 day old premature infant with a change in hematocrit shows an abnormality on this right upper quadrant image. What is the abnormality?

A

Adrenal hemorrhage

44
Q

This patient presents with uncontrollable hypertension. Identify the anomaly shown in sonograms.

A

The pheochromocytoma is a homogenous tumor that has a weak posterior wall and decreased through transmission.

Chp 16 The Retroperitoneum (1 decks)

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