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A+P 2 > chp 16. > Flashcards

chp 16. Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine system

A

acts with nervous system to coordinate and integrate activity of body cells

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2
Q

Endocrine system responses are _____ than nervous system responses

A

slower but longer lasting than nervous system responses

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3
Q

Endocrinology

A

study of hormones and endocrine organs

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4
Q

Endocrine system controls and integrates:

A
  • Reproduction
  • Growth and development
  • Maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of blood
  • Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
  • Mobilization of body defenses
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5
Q

Exocrine glands

A
  • Produce nonhormonal substances (examples: sweat, saliva)

- Have ducts to carry secretion to membrane surface

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6
Q

Endocrine glands

A
  • Produce hormones

- Lack ducts

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7
Q

List the Endocrine glands

A

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands

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8
Q

Hypothalamus is a

A

neuroendocrine organ

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9
Q

Some have exocrine and endocrine functions

A

Pancreas, gonads, placenta

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10
Q

Hormones

A

long-distance chemical signals; travel in blood or lymph

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11
Q

Autocrines:

A

chemicals that exert effects on same cells that secrete them

NOT hormones

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12
Q

Paracrines

A

ocally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them
NOT hormones

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13
Q

Amino acid–based hormones

A

Amino acid derivatives, peptides, and proteins

-water-soluble

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14
Q

Steroids

A

Synthesized from cholesterol
Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones
-lipid-soluble

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15
Q

Target cells

A

tissues with receptors for a specific hormone

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16
Q

Hormone act on target cells any of the following:

A
  • Alter plasma membrane permeability and/or membrane potential by opening or closing ion channels
  • Stimulate synthesis of enzymes or other proteins
  • Activate or deactivate enzymes
  • Induce secretory activity
  • Stimulate mitosis
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17
Q

Which hormone act on G protien?

A

Water-soluble hormones

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18
Q

Amino acid–based hormones, except thyroid hormone, exert effects through

A

second-messenger systems

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19
Q

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling mechanism

A
  1. Hormone (first messenger) binds to receptor
  2. Receptor activates a G protein
  3. G protein activates or inhibits effector enzyme adenylate cyclase
  4. Adenylate cyclase then converts ATP to cAMP (second messenger)
  5. cAMP activates protein kinases that phosphorylate (add a phosphate) other proteins
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20
Q

PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism

A

Hormone-activated G protein activates a different effector enzyme: phospholipase C
-splits into two second messengers

  • Diacygylcerol
  • Inositol Trisphosphate
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21
Q

Lipid soluble hormone mechanism

A
  1. hormone diffuses through plasma membrane and binds to intracellular receptor
  2. Receptor-hormone complex enters the nuclues
  3. receptor-hormone complex binds to specific DNA region
  4. transcription of gene to mRNA
  5. mRNA directs protein synthesis
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22
Q

Blood levels of hormones controlled by

A

Controlled by negative feedback systems

Increased hormone effects on target organs can inhibit further hormone release

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23
Q

Hormone release is triggered by:

A

Endocrine gland stimuli

Nervous system modulation

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24
Q

Endocrine glands are stimulated to synthesize and release hormones in response to one of three stimuli:

A

Humoral stimuli-Changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulate secretion of hormones

Neural stimuli-Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release

Hormonal stimuli-Hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones

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25
Q

Nervous System Modulation

A

Nervous system can override normal endocrine controls

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26
Q

Target cell activation depends on three factors:

A

1.Blood levels of hormone
2.Relative number of receptors on/in target cell
​3.Affinity (strength) of binding between receptor 
and hormone

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27
Q

Up-regulation

A

target cells form more receptors in response to low hormone levels
Down-regulation: target cells los

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28
Q

Down-regulation:

A

target cells lose receptors in response to high hormone levels
Desensitizes the target cells to prevent them from overreacting to persistently high levels of hormone

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29
Q

steriods and thyroid hormone attached to

A

plasma protien

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30
Q

Hormones can be removed from blood by:

A

Degrading enzymes or
Kidneys or
Liver

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31
Q

lipid soluble hormones come from where?

A

Adrenal cortex, gonads, and thyroid gland*

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32
Q

Water-soluble hormones come from where

A

all other hormones

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33
Q

half-life of lipid soluble hormones

A

long

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34
Q

half-life of water soluble hormones

A

short

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35
Q

location of receptors for lipid soluble hormones

A

inside cell

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36
Q

Location of receptors for water-soluble hormones

A

on plasma membrane

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37
Q

Permissiveness

A

one hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present

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38
Q

Synergism

A

more than one hormone produces same effects on target cell, causing amplification

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39
Q

Antagonism

A

one or more hormones oppose(s) action of another hormone

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40
Q

Hypothalamus is connected to pituitary gland (hypophysis) via stalk called

A

infundibulum

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41
Q

Posterior pituitary: composed of ____ that secretes ___

A

Neural issue, neurohormones

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42
Q

Posterior lobe, along with infundibulum make up the

A

neurohypophysis

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43
Q

Anterior pituitary: consits of

A

consists of glandular tissue

44
Q

Posterior lobe Maintains neural connection to hypothalamus via

A

hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

45
Q

posterior lobe secretes

A

oxytocin-birth contractions, breast milk-> positive feedback

ADH-antideretic, absorbs water from kidneys, causes vasoconstriction

46
Q

anterior lobe consists of

A

Hyposphyseal portal system
Primary capillary plexus
Hypophyseal portal veins
Secondary capillary plexus

47
Q

Hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones to

A

anterior pituitary to regulate hormone secretion

48
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

ADH deficiency,

loose fluids, vasodilation

49
Q

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH

A

ADH hyper secretion, retention of fluids

50
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones, which ones are tropic and which ones are not

A
  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Prolactin (PRL)

tropic:
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (tropic)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (tropic)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (tropic)
Luteinizing hormone (LH) (tropic)

51
Q

Growth hormone
Produced by
Direct actions on
Dont take in

A
  • produced by somatotropin cells
  • direct actions of metabolism
  • don’t take in glucose, use fatty acids
52
Q

hyper secretion of GH

A

gigantism in children- 8ft tall

acromegaly-overgrowth of hands, feet, and face

53
Q

hyposecrection of GH

Adults vs. Children

A

children-pituitary dwarfism-4ft

in adults no problem

54
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

stimulates normal development and secretory activity of thyroid

55
Q

hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, target cells

A

releasing, stimulation, hormone

56
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids

57
Q

Gonadotropins (FSH and LH)

A

FSH stimulates production of gametes (egg or sperm)

LH promotes production of gonadal hormones
testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

58
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

-stimulates milk production

59
Q

thyroid gland shape

A

butterfly shaped gland

60
Q

Isthmus

A

median mass connecting two lateral lobes of thyroid

61
Q

Follicles:

A

hollow sphere of epithelial follicular cells that produce glycoprotein thyroglobulin

62
Q

Colloid

A

fluid of follicle lumen (middle portion_ contains thyoglobulime

63
Q

Thyroid produces hormones called:

A

t4 (thyroxine)-two tyrosine, 4 iodine

t3-(triiodothyronine)-two tyrosine’s, 3 iodine

64
Q

thyroid hormone effects

A

basal metabolic rate and heat production, tissue and growth development, maintains blood pressure

65
Q

thyroid hormone synthesis 7 steps

A
  1. thyroglobulin is made
  2. iodine goes into cell and put into lumen (colloid)
  3. iodine becomes oxidized
  4. iodine attaches to tyrosine to form DIT and MIT
  5. DIT and MIT join to make T3 and T4
  6. thyroglobulin endocytose and joined with lysosome
  7. lysosome cleave t3 and t4 and form the thryogobuline and hormones diffuse into blood stream
66
Q

myxedema

A

hypo secretion of TH, low metabolic rate, puffy eyes, constipation, lethargy

67
Q

goiter

A

lack of iodine, decreases TH levels

68
Q

cretinism

A

hyposecretion of TH in infants, intellectual disabilities and short body size

69
Q

Graves disease

A

hyper secretion of TH, elevated metabolic rate, eyes protrude

70
Q

calcitonin

A

antagonist to parathyroid hormone, inhibits osteoclast activity

71
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

4-8 yellow-brown glands embedded in posterior aspect of thyroid

72
Q

parathyroid hormone function

A

stimulate osteoclasts to digest bone matrix and release Calcium into blood.

  • enhances reabsorption of calcium and secretion of phosphate by kidneys
  • increase activation of vitamin D in kidney
73
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

due to parathyroid gland tumor

Calcium leaches from bones, causing them to soften and deform

74
Q

Osteitis fibrosa cystica

A

severe form resulting in easily fractured bones,

to much parathyroid hormone

75
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

following gland trauma or removal can cause hypocalcemia

Results in tetany (muscles contract and can’t reverse, respiratory paralysis, and death

76
Q

adrenal gland

A

-pyramid shaped on top kidneys

-adrenal cortex- three layers
adrenal medulla-nervous

77
Q

adrenal cortex produces

A

corticosteroids
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

78
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A

Mineralocorticoids-aldosterone-stimulates Na+ reabsorption and K+ elimination in kidneys

79
Q

Zona fasciculata

A

Glucocorticoids-cortisol

80
Q

Zona reticularis

A

Gonadocorticoids-androgens

81
Q

adrenal medula releases

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

82
Q

aldosteron regulators

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism- kindey-relases renin, produces, angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone release

Plasma concentration of K+- K+ in blood increases stimulates release of aldosterone

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)-stress, anterior pituitary releases ACTH, stimulates release of aldosterone

Atrial Natriuretic peptide-increase blood pressure and/or blood volume, releases ANP, releases aldosterone

83
Q

Aldosteronism

A

hypersecretion usually due to adrenal tumors, hypertension

84
Q

Glucocorticoids function

A

Increase blood glucose during lonterrm stress
Influence metabolism of most cells and help us resist stressors

Keep blood glucose levels relatively constant

-cortisonl causes increase in blood levels of glucose

85
Q

Cushing’s syndrome/disease

A

hyper secretion of glucocorticoids, cortisol
depresses cartilage/bone formation, immune system

moon face, buffalo hump

86
Q

Addison’s disease

A

hypo secretion of mineralocorticoids

decrease in glucose, weight loos, sever dehydration

87
Q

Gonadocorticoids

A

weak androgens

88
Q

Adrenogenital syndrome

A

masculinization

  • Not noticeable in adult males
  • females and prepubertal males
  • boys- reproductive organs mature
    females: beard clitoris resembles small penis
89
Q

Catecholamines: epinephrine, norepinephrine effects

A

-vasoconstriction

increase heart rate and blood glucose levels

90
Q

Hyposecretion and Hypersecretion

of catecholamines

A

Hyposecretion
-no problems

Hypersecretion
hyperglycemia, increased metabolic rate, rapid heart beats

91
Q

Pineal gland

A

melatonin,

  • Timing of sexual maturation and puberty
  • Day/night cycles
  • Physiological processes that show rhythmic variations (body temperature, sleep, appetite)
  • Production of antioxidant and detoxification molecules in cells
92
Q

Pancreas has both

A 
exocrine and endocrine cells
Acinar cells(exocrine) 
Pancreatic islets (edoncrine0
-alpha 
-beta
93
Q

Acinar cells

A

produce enzyme-rich juice for digestion

94
Q

Pancreatic islets

alpa and beta

A
  • Alpha (α) cells produce glucagon (hyperglycemic hormone)

- Beta (β) cells produce insulin (hypoglycemic hormone)

95
Q

Glucagon

Glycogenolysis

Glucogenesis

A

Extremely potent hyperglycemic agent
Glycogenolysis-break down gylogen to glucose
Glucogenesis -sythesize glucose

96
Q

Insulin

A

Secreted when blood glucose levels increase

-lowers blood glucose

97
Q

Diabetes mellitus (DM) can be due to:

A

Hyposecretion of insulin: Type 1

Hypoactivity of insulin: Type 2

98
Q

Glycosuria

A

excess glucose is spilled into urine

99
Q

polyuria
polydispia
polyphagia
ketonuria

A

Polyuria: huge urine output
Glucose acts as osmotic diuretic
Polydipsia: excessive thirst
From water loss due to polyuria
Polyphagia: excessive hunger and food consumption
Cells cannot take up glucose and are “starving”

ketonuria: ketone bodies in urine

100
Q

Hyperinsulinism

A

Excessive insulin secretion
Causes hypoglycemia: low blood glucose levels
Symptoms: anxiety, nervousness, disorientation, unconsciousness, even death
Treatment: sugar ingestion

101
Q

Gonads produce same steroid sex hormones as those of adrenal cortex, just

A

more amounts than adrenal cortex

102
Q

Ovaries produce

A

estrogens and progesterone

103
Q

Estrogen

A

Maturation of reproductive organs
Appearance of secondary sexual characteristics
With progesterone, causes breast development and cyclic changes in uterine mucosa

104
Q

Testes produce

A

testosterone

  • Initiates maturation of male reproductive organs
  • Causes appearance of male secondary sexual characteristics and sex drive
  • Necessary for normal sperm production
  • Maintains reproductive organs in functional state
105
Q

Placenta

A

secretes estrogens, progesterone, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A+P 2 (13 decks)

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