Chp 14: Reproductive System

Question 0

Early development of gonads

Answer 0

From genital ridge (hypomere)
Gonads indifferent (capable of being male or female)
Chromosomes AND hormones cause differentiation of glands and ducts into male or female structures

Question 1

Gonads

Answer 1

Separate makes and females in most vertebrates

Agnatha sometimes have hermaphrodites

Question 2

Testes

Answer 2

2 present
-produce male gametes (sperm)
-produce male hormones (androgens)
Single teste in Agnatha, few fish, few lizards
Smaller than ovaries (except mammals)
Scrotum only in mammals -inguinal canal

Question 3

Sperm Ducts

Answer 3

Mesonephric ducts = archinephric ducts
-carry both sperm & urine
Vas deferens = ductus deferens
-carry only sperm
Ductus deferens in recent bony fish + amniotes act as accessory sperm duct
No sperm in cyclostomes (living agnathans): coelom -> out the genital pore

Question 4

Ovary

Answer 4

2 present
-produce female gametes -eggs
-produce female hormones 
One ovary in Agnatha, some fish, some sharks, some crocs, most birds (retain left ovary), platypus + some bats
Most have cavities except mammals

Question 5

Ovarian ducts

Answer 5

From embryonic Müllerian duct 
Functions: 
 -transport eggs
 -coat eggs (nidamental gland)
 -hold eggs or young 
 -expelling eggs or young
 -receiving sperm, storing sperm
>guppies, chickens, rattlesnakes, birds

Question 6

Fish ovarian ducts

Answer 6

Agnatha - none
Cartilaginous fish
-oviduct with shell gland = nidamental gland (oviparous = egg laying)
-OR viviparous (live birth)
-uterus, cloaca
Bony fish
-duct continuous with ovary cavity (infundibulum in mammals to catch eggs when released)

Question 7

Tetrapod ovarian ducts

Answer 7

Amphibs -glands secrete jelly (put on as traveling down ovarian duct)

Question 8

Reptiles, birds, monotremes ovarian duct

Answer 8

1 or 2 oviducts
Albumen gland, shell gland
Shell leathery or brittle

Question 9

Other mammals ovarian duct

Answer 9

Oviducts, 1 or more uteri

1 vagina in placentals, 2 or 3 in marsupials

Question 10

Duplex uteri

Answer 10

2 cavities

Rabbit, opossum

Question 11

Simplex uteri

Answer 11

1 cavity

Primates

Question 12

Intermediate uteri

Answer 12

2 horns (bicornuate) and a body of a uterus
Cat, pig, cow

Question 13

Cloaca

Answer 13

Common opening for intestine, urinary ducts, genital ducts

Question 14

Agnatha and actinopterygii cloaca

Answer 14

Absent; may be secondary loss

Question 15

Reptiles, birds, monotremes

Answer 15

Partially subdivided by urorectal fold

• intestinal region
• urinary and genital region

Question 16

Marsupials and placental mammals

Answer 16

Completely partitioned = no cloaca
-rectum
-urogenital sinus
•subdivided in primates and some rodents

Question 17

Intromittent organs (think of poem)

Answer 17

Some don’t have any

• some fish, amphibs, most birds
  1. Claspers (anal fins or pelvic fins)
• sharks, guppy
  2. Hemipenes
• snakes, lizards
  3. Penis
• crocs, turtles
• some birds (duck, ostrich)
• all mammals
• marsupials have forked ones
• baculum (penis bone) in some : insectivores, bats, rodents, carnivores, some primates

Question 18

Nervous system functions

Answer 18

1. Monitor and react to
   A. External environment
   B. Internal environment
2. Stores info received from both

Question 19

Central nervous system

Answer 19

Brain and spinal cord

Question 20

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 20

Nerves leading to and from central nervous system

Question 21

Fish membranes

Answer 21

Meninx primitiva

Question 22

Amphibian, reptile, most bird membranes

Answer 22

Dura mater on outside

Secondary meninx

Question 23

Mammal membranes

Answer 23

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

Question 24

Brain

Answer 24

Gray matter on outside

• thin area
• sensory info (cell bodies)
• cognition

White matter on inside

• insulating axons
• transmits info
• gyri = ridges (spaghetti)
• sulci = grooves