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MCAT Bio > Chp 13 The Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

Chp 13 The Reproductive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

scrotum

A

contains male gonads (testes)

Functions:
-temperature regulation - sperm synthesis must occur at a few degrees below normal body temp

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2
Q

testes functions

A

spermatogenesis - synthesis of sperm

secretion of male sex hormones (androgens)

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3
Q

sites of spermatogensis

A

seminiferous tubules

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4
Q

sustentacular cells

A

known as sertoli cells

-protect and nurture developing sperm physically and chemically

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5
Q

interstitial cells

A

aka leydig cells

responsibly for androgen synthesis

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6
Q

seminal vesicles

A

located posterior surface of the bladder

secrete semen into the ejaculatory duct

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7
Q

glands that produce semen

A

(3)
seminal vesicles 60%
prostrate 35 % - mlidly alkaline
bulbourethral glands 5% - highly alkaline (neutralize leftover urine and lubricate urethra)

collectively referred to as the accessory glands

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8
Q

arousal

A

dependent on parasympathetic nervous input
subdivided into two stages:
- erection
-lubrication

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9
Q

erection

A

male: dilation of arteries supplying erectile tissue
female: clitoris and labia minora swell with blood

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10
Q

lubrication

A

function of parasympathetic system

male: viscous fluid released by bulbourethral gland
female: greater vistubular glands and vaginal epithelium secrete mucus

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11
Q

orgasm

A

requires stimulation by sympathetic nervous system
divided into two stages
- emission
-ejaculation

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12
Q

emission

A

male: propulsion of sperm (from ductus deferens) and semen (from accessory glands) into the urethra by smooth muscle contraction

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13
Q

ejaculation

A

male: semen is propelled out of the urethra by rhythmic contractions of muscles surrounding the base of the penis
female: n/a

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14
Q

resolution

A

return to normal unstimulated state controlled by sympathetic nervous system

  • 2 -3 minutes for males
  • 20 - 30 minutes for females
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15
Q

hormones involved in spermatogensis

A
  • testosterone - stimulates division of spermatogonia
  • luteinizing hormone (LH) - stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - stimulates sustanacular cells
  • inhibin - secreted by sustanacular cells to inhibit FSH
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16
Q

testosterone

A

stimulates division of spermatogonia

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17
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone

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18
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

stimulates sustanacular cells

stimulates spermatagonia to increase

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19
Q

inhibin

A

secreted by sustanacular cells to inhibit FSH

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20
Q

female chromosomes

A

XX

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21
Q

male chromosomes

A

XY

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22
Q

wolffian ducts

A

can develop into male internal genitalia

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23
Q

mullerian ducts

A

can develop into female internal genitalia
- occurs by default in absence of Y chromosome

regression of mullerian ducts caused by MIF mullerian inhibiting factor

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24
Q

mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF)

A

produced by the testes and causes regression of mullerian ducts > prevents formation of female internal genetalia

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25
testes and ovaries are considered
homologous organs because they are derived from the same undeveloped structure
26
androgens
all hormones involved in the development and maintenance of male characteristics -ex: primary androgen = testosterone
27
estrogens
all hormones involved in the development and maintenance of female characteristics - ex: primary estrogen = estradiol
28
male secondary characteristcs
maturation of genitalia male distribution of facial and body hair deepening of voice increased muscle mass
29
female secondary characteristics
maturation of genitalia breast development wider hips pubic hair
30
sex steroid production is controlled by
hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
31
ovarian cycle phases
1. follicular phase 2. ovulatory phase 3. luteal phase
32
follicular phase of ovarian cycle
event: build the follicle triggered by: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary duration: 13 days
33
ovulatory phase of ovarian cycle
event: secondary oocyte is released from ovary triggered by: surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) from anterior pituitary - occurs on day 14 of the cycle
34
luteal phase
event: full formation of corpus leteum in the ovary triggered by: LH surge secretes: estrogen and progesterone (life span of 2 weeks) - duration: 14 days
35
uterine cycle
``` preparation of endometrium for potential implantation of fertilized egg subdivided into 3 stages: - menstruation - proliferative stage - secretory stage ```
36
menstruation of uterine cycle
triggered by degeneration of corpus luteum and subsequent drop in estrogen and progesterone > endometrial lining sloughs out of uterus > produces bleeding -duration: 5 days
37
proliferative phase of uterine cycle
estrogen produced by follicle induces proliferation of new endometrium - duration: 9 days
38
secretory phase of uterine cycle
estrogen and progesterone produced by corpus luteum increase development of endometrium (including secretion of glycogen, lipids, etc.) if pregnancy doesn't occur death of corpus luteum and decline of secretion of estrogen and progesterone trigger menstruation again - duration: 14 days
39
fertilization
fusion of spermatozoan with secondary oocyte | - normally occurs in uterine tube
40
polyspermy
penetration of an ovum by more than one sperm
41
stages of embryogensis
1. cleavage - zygote undergoes many cell division to produce morula (ball of cells) 2. blastulation- cell division continues until blastocyst is formed 3. trophoblast (ring of cells in blastocyst) gives rise to chorion 4. inner cell mass becomes embryo
42
amnion
surrounds a fluid filled cavity which contains developing embryo
43
yolk sac
mammals do not store yolk like repitles and birds | yolk sac is first site of red blood cell synthesis in the embryo
44
allontois
develops from the embryonic gut and forms the blood vessels of the umbilical cord - transports blood between embryo and placenta
45
gastrulation
3 primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) become distinct
46
ectoderm fates
- entire nervous system - pituitary gland, adrenal medulla - cornea and lens - epidermis of skin and reivitives - nasal, oral, anal epithelium
47
mesoderm fates
- all muscle, bone, and connective tissue - entire cardiovascular and lymphatic system - urogenital organs (kidneys, ureters, gonads, reproductive ducts) - dermis of skin
48
endoderm fates
- GI tract epithelium (except mouth and anus) - GI glands (liver, pancreas, etc.) - respiratory epithelium - epithelial lining of urogenital organs and ducts - urinary bladder
49
neuralation
formation of nervous system
50
totipotent
can generate trophoblast and inner cell mass
51
pluripotent
differentiate into any of the 3 primary germ layers | can generate all adult cell types
52
multipotent
can produce many (but not all) cell types more differentiated than pluripotent often tissue specific
53
dedifferentiation
some cells can go backwards and become less specialized
54
first trimester
all major organ systems appear
55
second trimester
``` organ and organ systems of fetus continue to develop structurally and functionally fetus grows (to about 0.6 kg) looks distinctly human ```
56
third trimester
rapid fetal growth | most organ systems become fully functional
57
parturition
technical term for birth
58
epididymis
sperm storage secretes nutrients for sperm (where sperm gains swimming ability)
59
vas deferens
long muscular duct (propel sperm forward through ejaculation) enters body cavity site of vasectomy
60
gender development for male
XY > testes > 2 products 1. produces testosterone - development of wolffian ducts 2. forms mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF) - regression of mullerian ducts
61
cervix
opening to uterus 2 states: 1. nonfertile - closed with thick, acidic, sticky mucus that plugs it up 2. fertile - opens to allow sperm to pass through
62
uterus
pregnancy develops here 2 structures 1. endometrium - inner lining, layer builds up and sheds off monthly, fertilized egg implanted here 2. myometrium - smooth muscle wall, cells here can still divide (allows for uterus to expand with pregnancy)
63
uterine tubes
aka fallopian tubes - connects uterus to ovaries - fertilization here - tubule ligation (female version of vasectomy - more intense because inside body cavity vs vas deferens in male)
64
ovary
female primary sex organ 2 jobs: 1. make eggs (ova) 2. make estrogen and progesterone
65
oogenesis
3 stages 1. prenatal stage oogenia >(mitosis)> oogonia >(activated)> primary oocytes ( STOPS until monthly periods begin) 2. monthly primary oocyte >(meiosis 1)> secondary oocyte + first polar body ovulated and STOPS 3. IF fertilized secondary oocyte >(meiosis 2)> ovum and secondary polar body
66
cell determination
cell becomes committed to a particular fate
67
cell differentiation
physical (visible) change into a new cell type
68
pluripotent cells
can become any cell (except placenta)
69
cell induction
cell is transplanted and then becomes more like its surrounding cells
70
multipotent cell
can become some cells but not all
71
totipotent cell
can become any cell (including placenta) | ex: zygote
72
labor triggers (3)
1. placenta deteriorates 2. uterus is stretched 3. cyclic: babys head stretches cervix> stimulates hypothalamus>posterior pituitary releases oxytocin> uterus contracts > repeat
73
mom changes after birth
``` deliver placenta > reduces estrogen and progesterone (releases inhibition on prolactin) > increases prolactin > make milk ```

MCAT Bio (6 decks)

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