Chp 13 The Gastrointestinal Tract Flashcards
Ascending colon arises from the right lower quadrant to bend at this point to form the transverse colon
hepatic flexure
First part of the duodenum
duodenal bulb
Double fold of the peritoneum attached to the duodenum, stomach, and large intestine; helps support the greater curvature of the stomach; known as the “fatty apron”
greater omentum
Help support the greater curvature of the stomach
gastrophrenic, gastrosplenic, and lienorenal ligaments
Fold from the parietal peritoneum that attaches to the small intestine, anchoring it to the posterior abdominal wall
mesentery
Also known as the digestive tract; includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and small and large intestine
alimentary canal
Inner folds of the small intestine
villi
Entrance of the esophagus into the stomach
cardiac orifice
First layer of bowel
mucosa
Helps support the lesser curvature of the stomach
gastrohepatic ligament
The transverse colon travels horizontally across the abdomen and bends at this point to form the descending colon
splenic flexure
One of the layers of the bowel, under the mucosal layer; contains blood vessels and lymph channels
submucosa
Normal segmentation of the wall of the colon
haustra
Suspends the stomach and duodenum from the liver; helps to support the lesser curvature of the stomach
lesser omentum
Muscle that connects the stomach to the proximal duodenum
pyloric canal
Fourth layer of bowel; thin, loose layer of connective tissue, surrounded by mesothelium covering the intraperitoneal bowel loops
serosa
Third layer of bowel
muscularis
Normal segmentation of the small bowel
valvulae conniventes
Inner folds of the stomach wall
rugae
Fifth layer of bowel
mesothelium
Hormone secreted into the blood by the mucosa of the upper small intestine; stimulates contraction of the gallbladder and pancreatic secretion of enzymes
cholecystokinin
Rhythmic dilation and contraction of the gastrointestinal tract as food is propelled through it
peristalsis
Located by drawing a line from the right anterosuperior iliac spine to the umbilicus; at approximately the midpoint of this line lies the root of the appendix
McBurney’s point
Process of nutrient molecules passing through the wall of the intestine into the blood or lymph system
absorption
Endocrine hormone released from the stomach; stimulates secretion of gastric acid
gastrin
Localized collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue
abscess
Released from small bowel as antacid; stimulates secretion of bicarbonate
secretin
Calcified deposit within the appendix; appendicitis can develop
fecalith
Pouch-like herniation through the muscular wall of a tubular organ that occurs in the stomach, the small intestine or, most commonly, the colon
diverticulum
Malignancy of the lymph nodes, spleen, or liver
lymphoma
Dilated fluid-filled bowel loops without peristalsis
paralytic ileus
Characteristic of gastrointestinal wall thickening consisting of an echogenic center and a hypoechoic rim
target sign
Collection of blood
hemorrhage
Site of maximal tenderness in the right lower quadrant; usually with appendicitis
McBurney’s sign
Accumulation of serous fluid in the abdomen
ascites
Congenital sac or blind pouch found in the lower portion of the ileum
Meckel’s diverticulum
Fecalith or calcification located in the appendix
appendicolith
Small tumor-like growth that projects from a mucous membrane surface
polyp
Inflammation of the bowel, accompanied by abscess and bowel wall thickening
Crohn’s disease
List the sequential parts of the digestive system
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
Large intestine (cecum; ascending, transverse, and descending colon; and rectum)
The lower end of the esophagus is a circular muscle that acts as a sphincter, constricting the tube so that the entrance to the stomach, at the ___________, is generally closed. This helps to prevent gastric acid from moving up into the esophagus.
cardiac orifice
The pylorus is further subdivided into the _________, the _________ canal, and the _________ sphincter.
antrum
pyloric
pyloric
The duodenum is subdivided into four segments:
- superior
- descending
- transverse
- ascending
The duodenal bulb is peritoneal, supported by the hepatoduodenal ligament, and passes _________ to the common blie duct, gastroduodenal artery, common hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and head of the pancreas.
anterior
The common bile duct joins the pancreatic duct to enter the ____________
ampulla of Vater
The arteries that supply the esophagus include the inferior ________ branch of the ___________ artery that supplies the upper esophagus; the descending ________ aorta that supplies the midesophagus; and the ________ branch of the celiac axis and the left inferior ________ artery of the abdominal aorta that supplies the lower end of the esophagus.
thyroid subclavian thoracic gastric phrenic
The _________ outlines the small intestine and contains the superior mesenteric vessles, nerves, lymphatic glands, and fat between its two layers
mesentery
The nutrients are transported to the liver after they are absorbed by the _______; the liver processes and stores the nutrients
blood
The three layers of smooth muscle in the wall enable the stomach to mash and churn food and move it along with _________
peristalis
Gastric glands secrete gastric juice containing ___________ acid and ________
hydrochloric
enzymes
The hormone _______, which is released by the stomach mucosa, stimulates gastric acid secretion
gastrin
Gastrointestinal hormones include ______________ and _________
cholecystokinin
secretin
________ within the large intestine devour the chyme and in turn produce vitamins that can be absorbed and used by the body
Bacteria
The most common laboratory data the sonographer may come across in a patient with gastrointestinal disease relate to the presence of ________ in the stool
blood
As a result of chronic blood loss, _______ may be present
anemia
Describe the technique sonographers use to observe the upper gastrointestinal tract
Have the patient drink 10-40oz of water through a straw. The straw helps prevent ingestion of excess air when water is consumed. Patient should be in an upright position.
The ______________ junction is seen on the sagittal scan to the left of the midline as a bull’s-eye or target-shaped structure anterior to the aorta, posterior to the left lobe of the liver, and inferior to the hemidiaphragm
gastroesophageal
The gastric _______ can be seen as a target shape in the midline
antrum
Describe the measures that should be taken is a patient presents with a “cystic” mass in the left upper quadrant
May give patient a carbonated drink to see bubbles in the stomach. Place nasogastric tubes for drainage. Watch for change of shape or size in stomach mass. Alternate patient’s position to upright, or left or right lateral decubitus
The sonographer usually cannot see the small bowel with ultrasound; the valvulae conniventes may be seen as linear echo densities spaced 3 to 5 mm apart. This is called the “____________” and can be seen in the duodenum and jejunum.
keyboard sign
The appendix is loacted on the abdominal wall under ___________
McBurney’s point
Movable intraluminal masses of congealed ingested materials that are seen on upper gastrointestinal radiographs are known as gastric ________
bezoars
A gastric ______ is an outgrowth of tissue from the wall
polyp
The most common tumor of the stomach is the __________
leiomyoma
_____________ is the result of luminal obstruction and inflammation, leading to ischemia of the vermiform appendix
Acute appendicitis
The normal appendix can occasionally be visualized with gradual __________ on sonography
compression
The ultrasound pattern of acute appendicitis is characterized by a _____________ appearance of the appendix in transverse view
target-shaped
A(n) ________ designates gross enlargement of the appendix from accumulation of mucoid substance within the lumen
mucocele
___________ is regional enteritis, a recurrent granulomatous inflammatory disease that affects the terminal ileum, colon, or both at any level
Crohn’s disease
