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Chp 13 The Gastrointestinal Tract > Chp 13 The Gastrointestinal Tract > Flashcards

Chp 13 The Gastrointestinal Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Ascending colon arises from the right lower quadrant to bend at this point to form the transverse colon

A

hepatic flexure

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2
Q

First part of the duodenum

A

duodenal bulb

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3
Q

Double fold of the peritoneum attached to the duodenum, stomach, and large intestine; helps support the greater curvature of the stomach; known as the “fatty apron”

A

greater omentum

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4
Q

Help support the greater curvature of the stomach

A

gastrophrenic, gastrosplenic, and lienorenal ligaments

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5
Q

Fold from the parietal peritoneum that attaches to the small intestine, anchoring it to the posterior abdominal wall

A

mesentery

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6
Q

Also known as the digestive tract; includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and small and large intestine

A

alimentary canal

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7
Q

Inner folds of the small intestine

A

villi

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8
Q

Entrance of the esophagus into the stomach

A

cardiac orifice

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9
Q

First layer of bowel

A

mucosa

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10
Q

Helps support the lesser curvature of the stomach

A

gastrohepatic ligament

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11
Q

The transverse colon travels horizontally across the abdomen and bends at this point to form the descending colon

A

splenic flexure

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12
Q

One of the layers of the bowel, under the mucosal layer; contains blood vessels and lymph channels

A

submucosa

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13
Q

Normal segmentation of the wall of the colon

A

haustra

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14
Q

Suspends the stomach and duodenum from the liver; helps to support the lesser curvature of the stomach

A

lesser omentum

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15
Q

Muscle that connects the stomach to the proximal duodenum

A

pyloric canal

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16
Q

Fourth layer of bowel; thin, loose layer of connective tissue, surrounded by mesothelium covering the intraperitoneal bowel loops

A

serosa

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17
Q

Third layer of bowel

A

muscularis

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18
Q

Normal segmentation of the small bowel

A

valvulae conniventes

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19
Q

Inner folds of the stomach wall

A

rugae

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20
Q

Fifth layer of bowel

A

mesothelium

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21
Q

Hormone secreted into the blood by the mucosa of the upper small intestine; stimulates contraction of the gallbladder and pancreatic secretion of enzymes

A

cholecystokinin

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22
Q

Rhythmic dilation and contraction of the gastrointestinal tract as food is propelled through it

A

peristalsis

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23
Q

Located by drawing a line from the right anterosuperior iliac spine to the umbilicus; at approximately the midpoint of this line lies the root of the appendix

A

McBurney’s point

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24
Q

Process of nutrient molecules passing through the wall of the intestine into the blood or lymph system

A

absorption

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25
Q

Endocrine hormone released from the stomach; stimulates secretion of gastric acid

A

gastrin

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26
Q

Localized collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue

A

abscess

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27
Q

Released from small bowel as antacid; stimulates secretion of bicarbonate

A

secretin

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28
Q

Calcified deposit within the appendix; appendicitis can develop

A

fecalith

29
Q

Pouch-like herniation through the muscular wall of a tubular organ that occurs in the stomach, the small intestine or, most commonly, the colon

A

diverticulum

30
Q

Malignancy of the lymph nodes, spleen, or liver

A

lymphoma

31
Q

Dilated fluid-filled bowel loops without peristalsis

A

paralytic ileus

32
Q

Characteristic of gastrointestinal wall thickening consisting of an echogenic center and a hypoechoic rim

A

target sign

33
Q

Collection of blood

A

hemorrhage

34
Q

Site of maximal tenderness in the right lower quadrant; usually with appendicitis

A

McBurney’s sign

35
Q

Accumulation of serous fluid in the abdomen

A

ascites

36
Q

Congenital sac or blind pouch found in the lower portion of the ileum

A

Meckel’s diverticulum

37
Q

Fecalith or calcification located in the appendix

A

appendicolith

38
Q

Small tumor-like growth that projects from a mucous membrane surface

A

polyp

39
Q

Inflammation of the bowel, accompanied by abscess and bowel wall thickening

A

Crohn’s disease

40
Q

List the sequential parts of the digestive system

A

Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
Large intestine (cecum; ascending, transverse, and descending colon; and rectum)

41
Q

The lower end of the esophagus is a circular muscle that acts as a sphincter, constricting the tube so that the entrance to the stomach, at the ___________, is generally closed. This helps to prevent gastric acid from moving up into the esophagus.

A

cardiac orifice

42
Q

The pylorus is further subdivided into the _________, the _________ canal, and the _________ sphincter.

A

antrum
pyloric
pyloric

43
Q

The duodenum is subdivided into four segments:

A
  1. superior
  2. descending
  3. transverse
  4. ascending
44
Q

The duodenal bulb is peritoneal, supported by the hepatoduodenal ligament, and passes _________ to the common blie duct, gastroduodenal artery, common hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and head of the pancreas.

A

anterior

45
Q

The common bile duct joins the pancreatic duct to enter the ____________

A

ampulla of Vater

46
Q

The arteries that supply the esophagus include the inferior ________ branch of the ___________ artery that supplies the upper esophagus; the descending ________ aorta that supplies the midesophagus; and the ________ branch of the celiac axis and the left inferior ________ artery of the abdominal aorta that supplies the lower end of the esophagus.

A 
thyroid
subclavian
thoracic
gastric
phrenic
47
Q

The _________ outlines the small intestine and contains the superior mesenteric vessles, nerves, lymphatic glands, and fat between its two layers

A

mesentery

48
Q

The nutrients are transported to the liver after they are absorbed by the _______; the liver processes and stores the nutrients

A

blood

49
Q

The three layers of smooth muscle in the wall enable the stomach to mash and churn food and move it along with _________

A

peristalis

50
Q

Gastric glands secrete gastric juice containing ___________ acid and ________

A

hydrochloric

enzymes

51
Q

The hormone _______, which is released by the stomach mucosa, stimulates gastric acid secretion

A

gastrin

52
Q

Gastrointestinal hormones include ______________ and _________

A

cholecystokinin

secretin

53
Q

________ within the large intestine devour the chyme and in turn produce vitamins that can be absorbed and used by the body

A

Bacteria

54
Q

The most common laboratory data the sonographer may come across in a patient with gastrointestinal disease relate to the presence of ________ in the stool

A

blood

55
Q

As a result of chronic blood loss, _______ may be present

A

anemia

56
Q

Describe the technique sonographers use to observe the upper gastrointestinal tract

A

Have the patient drink 10-40oz of water through a straw. The straw helps prevent ingestion of excess air when water is consumed. Patient should be in an upright position.

57
Q

The ______________ junction is seen on the sagittal scan to the left of the midline as a bull’s-eye or target-shaped structure anterior to the aorta, posterior to the left lobe of the liver, and inferior to the hemidiaphragm

A

gastroesophageal

58
Q

The gastric _______ can be seen as a target shape in the midline

A

antrum

59
Q

Describe the measures that should be taken is a patient presents with a “cystic” mass in the left upper quadrant

A

May give patient a carbonated drink to see bubbles in the stomach. Place nasogastric tubes for drainage. Watch for change of shape or size in stomach mass. Alternate patient’s position to upright, or left or right lateral decubitus

60
Q

The sonographer usually cannot see the small bowel with ultrasound; the valvulae conniventes may be seen as linear echo densities spaced 3 to 5 mm apart. This is called the “____________” and can be seen in the duodenum and jejunum.

A

keyboard sign

61
Q

The appendix is loacted on the abdominal wall under ___________

A

McBurney’s point

62
Q

Movable intraluminal masses of congealed ingested materials that are seen on upper gastrointestinal radiographs are known as gastric ________

A

bezoars

63
Q

A gastric ______ is an outgrowth of tissue from the wall

A

polyp

64
Q

The most common tumor of the stomach is the __________

A

leiomyoma

65
Q

_____________ is the result of luminal obstruction and inflammation, leading to ischemia of the vermiform appendix

A

Acute appendicitis

66
Q

The normal appendix can occasionally be visualized with gradual __________ on sonography

A

compression

67
Q

The ultrasound pattern of acute appendicitis is characterized by a _____________ appearance of the appendix in transverse view

A

target-shaped

68
Q

A(n) ________ designates gross enlargement of the appendix from accumulation of mucoid substance within the lumen

A

mucocele

69
Q

___________ is regional enteritis, a recurrent granulomatous inflammatory disease that affects the terminal ileum, colon, or both at any level

A

Crohn’s disease

Chp 13 The Gastrointestinal Tract (1 decks)

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