chp 13 - introduction to organic chemistry

Question 1

characteristics of homologous series

Answer 1

• same general formula
• similar chemical properties
• same functional group
• difference between one molecular formula and next is CH2
• differ in physical properties

Question 2

isomers

Answer 2

• same molecular formula
• diff structural formula (diff arrangement of atoms)

Question 3

stereoisomerism

Answer 3

• same molecular and arrangement of atoms
• diff in 3d shape

Question 4

homolytic fission

Answer 4

breaking of covalent bond where each atom gets 1 electron, forming 2 radicals

Question 5

heterolytic fission

Answer 5

breaking of covalent bond where the more electronegative atoms takes both of the electrons, forming a negative ion

Question 6

curly arrows

Answer 6

• shows electron pair movement
• starts of bond/lone pair of electrons (source)
• ends at species accepting lone pair of electrons (destination)

Question 7

source of curly arrows

Answer 7

nucleophile

Question 8

destination of curly arrows

Answer 8

electrophile

Question 9

nucleophile

Answer 9

• positive charge loving
• donates lone pair of electrons to form new covalent bond
• lewis base

Question 10

electrophile

Answer 10

• negative charge loving
• accepts lone pair of electrons
• lewis acid

Question 11

free radical

Answer 11

uncharged molecule with unpaired electrons

Question 12

addition

Answer 12

2 or more molecules combine to form larger molecule

Question 13

substitution

Answer 13

atom/group replaced by another atom/group

Question 14

elimination

Answer 14

small molecule removed from organic molecule

Question 15

hydrolysis

Answer 15

splitting of compound molecule using water

Question 16

condensation

Answer 16

small molecules combine to form larger molecules and releases water/acid

Question 17

free radical substitution

Answer 17

halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms in alkanes

Question 18

3 main steps of free radical substitution

Answer 18

1) initiation
2) propagation
3) termination

Question 19

initiation

Answer 19

formation of radicals by heat/light

Question 20

propagation

Answer 20

free radicals combine with molecules to produce new free radicals

Question 21

termination

Answer 21

2 radicals react together to form a species which only contains paired electrons

Question 22

electrophilic addition

Answer 22

electron-rich region attacked by electrophile to give 1 product

Question 23

nucleophilic substitution

Answer 23

electron-rich nucleophile replaces a halogen atom

Question 24

factors favoring heterolysis and homolysis

Answer 24

• presence of heat/light
• non-polar bonds
• radical initiators (produces free radicals)

Question 25

nucleophilic addition

Answer 25

nucleophile attacks electron-deficient region, followed by the addition of a smaller molecule

Question 26

reactive species

Answer 26

1) free radicals
2) carbocations
3) carbanions
4) carbenes
5) nitrenes and arynes

Question 27

addition polymerization

Answer 27

alkene monomers —> polymers

Question 28

requirements for alkene reaction with hydrogen

Answer 28

• nickel catalyst
• 150C

Question 29

hybridization

Answer 29

combining 2 atomic orbitals to create a new type of hybridized orbital