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Biology > Chp 11: Infectious Diseases in Humans > Flashcards

Chp 11: Infectious Diseases in Humans Flashcards

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1
Q

parts of bacteria

A

cell wall
cell membrane
DNA
cytoplasm
plasmid
ribosomes
flagellum

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2
Q

how is bacteria’s nucleus different?

A

it does not have a membrane-bound nucleus

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3
Q

what are plasmids

A

see youtube

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4
Q

structure of virus

A

-protein coat
-genetic material (DNA/RNA)

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5
Q

what dna material does virus have

A

DNA or RNA

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6
Q

what dna material does bacterial have

A

DNA

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7
Q

what are the non-living characteristics of virus

A
  • does not have cellular structure like cell membrane, cytoplasm or organelles
  • it does not grow, move, feed, respire or excrete
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8
Q

what are the living characteristics of virus

A

it can reproduce
-only when it enters a living cell (host)
- host cells contains necessary materials for reproduction (like enzymes and organelles like ribosomes)

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9
Q

what causes influenza

A

influenza VIRUS

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10
Q

complications caused by influenza virus

A

pneumonia

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11
Q

how is influenza virus transmitted

A

by touching a surface which has influenza virus and touches their eyes, nose or mouth

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12
Q

what causes pneumococcal disease?

A

pneumococcus BACTERIA
[streptococcus pneumoniae]

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13
Q

what part of the body does pneumococcal disease affect?

A

attacks different parts of body
- middle ear infection
- lung infection (pneumonia)
- inflammation of membranes in brain and spinal cord
- infection of blood

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14
Q

how is it transmitted

A

through respiratory droplets

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15
Q

how does vaccine protect us from diseases

A
  • contains an agent which represents pathogens
  • prevents infectious disease by stimulating white blood cells to produce antibodies quickly when pathogens invade
    (antibodies are proteins produced to destroy pathogens)
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16
Q

ANTIGENS TRIGGER the production of WHAT

A

antibodies

17
Q

what is the PRODUCTION of ANTIBODIES triggered by

A

antigens

18
Q

what are transmittable/infectious diseases caused by

A

pathogens

19
Q

examples of pathogens

A

bacteria and virus

20
Q

how are infectious diseases spread

A
  • through droplets in the air
  • by direct contact
  • by contaminated food and water
21
Q

what are the proteins on the surface of pathogens

A

virus and bacteria

22
Q

what are viruses and bacteria

A

antigens

23
Q

what is one property of antibodies

A

specific in action

24
Q

how do WBC prepare to protect us for the future

A

some of the WBC remain in the blood stream. If in future the same pathogens enter our bloodstream, the WBC recognise and produce antibodies to destroy the pathogens before they infect our cells

25
Q

what are antibiotics

A

drugs used to treat bacterial infections

26
Q

how do antibiotics work?

A
  • used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria
  • work by interfering with the growth and metabolic activities of the bacteria
27
Q

do antibiotics work against viruses/bacteria?

A

antibiotics do not work against viruses, only bacteria

28
Q

how does antibiotic affect bacterial cell wall

A
  • some antibiotics prevent the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. this weakens the cell wall and allows water to enter the cell via osmosis causing the cell to expand, burst and die
29
Q

how does antibiotic affect the bacterial cell membrane

A
  • it inhibits cell membrane function by breaking up the cell membrane. without cell membrane, the cell is unprotected from its environment and any substance can move into bacterial cell.
30
Q

how does antibiotics affect bacterial ribosomes

A

antibiotics bind themselves to bacterial ribosomes and prevent them from taking part in protein synthesis. therefore, inhibiting cell growth

31
Q

how does antibiotics affect the cytoplasm

A

bacteria require a vitamin called folic acid FOR GROWTH. antibiotics inhibit the enzyme needed for the synthesis of folic acid which inhibits cell growth.

32
Q

why can antibiotics kill bacteria but not viruses

A

1) antibiotics work on cell walls, viruses do not have cell wall
2) antibiotics work in cell membranes, viruses do not have cell membranes
3) antibiotics work on ribosomes, viruses do not have ribosomes

33
Q

what happens when you do not finish your antibiotics course

A
  • 1) in a population of bacteria, there are bacteria with less and more sensitivity to antibiotics
    2) when antibiotic is taken, more sensitive bacteria are killed, some less sensitive bacteria remain alive
    3) if you stop your antibiotic course, the little bacteria left will multiply and infect our cells again
34
Q

how does antibiotic resistance increase?

A

-when antibiotic courses are incomplete, some bacteria are left alive
- they will multiply and spread again
- overtime, subsequent generation of bacteria will become more resistant

35
Q

how can we reduce antibiotic resistance

A
  • do not misuse or overuse antibiotics
  • complete the full course of antibiotics prescribed by the doc (to make sure all bacteria are killed)
  • use antibiotics only when necessary

Biology (8 decks)

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