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Biology Final > Chp 11 Conceptual > Flashcards

Chp 11 Conceptual Flashcards

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1
Q

Ingroup

A

The group of interest we are studying

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2
Q

Outgroup

A

What we use to compare our group of interest to.

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3
Q

Missense mutation

A

Substitution of a single amino acid for another.

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4
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

substitution of an amino acid for a STOP codon

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5
Q

Silent mutation

A

A mutation occurs, but doesn’t affect the amino acid sequence.

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6
Q

List and describe the 4 types of chromosomal mutations

A

Deletions
Duplications
Inversions
Translocations

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7
Q

List the four classes of organic molecules, as well as their monomers and polymers

A
  1. proteins, amino acids –> polypeptide chain
  2. Lipids, No monomer/polymer
  3. Carbs, monosaccharide –> polysaccharide
  4. Nucleic acids, nucleotide –> DNA/RNA
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8
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure?

A

Primary- linear sequence of amino acids
Secondary- beta pleated sheet or alpha helix
Tertiary- 3D shape of one subunit
Quaternary- multiple protein subunits coming together

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9
Q

What are the input and outputs of dark reactions?

A

Input: ATP, NADPH, CO2
Outputs: ADP. NADP, sugar

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10
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of light reactions?

A

Input: light, ADP, NADP, water
Output: ATP, NADPH, oxygen

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11
Q

What is the function of the rough ER?

A

Receives proteins from ribosomes, modifies them are sends them to golgi.

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12
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

further modifies the protein, packages and sends it to its final destination.

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13
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Cell respiration.

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14
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

Photosynthesis

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15
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Hold waste products and water balance.

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16
Q

What did the Miller and Urey experiment prove?

A

Organic molecules can be created spontaneously from primitive earth atmospheric conditions. Basically, evidence for the origin of life.

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17
Q

What is the function of Lipids?

A

Long-term energy storage
Insulation
Making the membrane of cells

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18
Q

What makes up the structure of a nucleotide?

A

A nitrogenous base
a sugar
and a phosphate group

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19
Q

Cells prefer a ____ surface area to volume ratio

A

high

20
Q

The phospholipid bilayer contains ____ head groups facing the outside and ____ tails facing inward toward each other

A

Polar; nonpolar

21
Q

A cell is placed in a hypotonic solution relative to the cell. Water will move ____ towards the ____ of solute.

A

Into the cell; higher

22
Q

Does an exergonic reaction happen spontaneously and release free energy?

A

Yes

23
Q

Enzymes can catalyze reactions by

A

Orienting substrates for a more favorable rxn
Stretching bonds in a substrate, making the substrates unstable
Temporarily adding chemical groups to the substrates

24
Q

Do enzymes change the overall delta G of a reaction so it can happen faster?

A

No

25
Q

Glycolysis occurs in the ____ of eukaryotes, and the krebs cycle occurs in the ____ of eukaryotes

A

Cytoplasm; mitochondrial matrix

26
Q

Does Glycolysis and aerobic cellular respiration yield more ATP than glycolysis + fermentation?

A

Yes

27
Q

What type of bond holds together the nitrogenous bases of a double stranded DNA molecule?

A

Hydrogen

28
Q

What enzyme makes the RNA primer needed to start DNA replication?

A

Primase

29
Q

What enzyme separates the 2 DNA strands during replication?

A

Helicase

30
Q

What is the process of making RNA from DNA?

A

Transcription

31
Q

What is the process of making proteins from RNA?

A

Translation

32
Q

Transcription takes place in the ____?

A

Nucleus

33
Q

What type of RNA reads the codon and carries the amino acid to the correct codon during translation?

A

tRNA

34
Q

A DNA molecule that combines a gene of interest with a vector is called?

A

Recombinant DNA

35
Q

Diploid cells contain ____ set(s) of chromosomes while haploid cells contain ___ set(s) of chromosomes

A

2;1

36
Q

Cancer can occur when

A

Cells escape the control of the cell cycle and continuously divide

37
Q

The sum of all the copies of alleles at all loci in a population is referred to as…

A

The gene pool

38
Q

Random changes in allele frequencies within populations is called?

A

Genetic drift

39
Q

A taxon that consists of one ancestry and all its descendants is called a?

A

Clade

40
Q

Even though bats and birds are not directly related, they both developed wings that serve the same purpose. This is an example of…

A

Convergent evolution

41
Q

A certain species of squirrel evolved from a type of squirrel that had a big, fluffy tail. This new species of squirrel now has a tiny, straight tail. The tiny, straight tail is an example of…

A

A derived trait

42
Q

A mutation occurs in one if your skin cells from exposure to UV light. Which mutations occured?

A

Somatic mutation, Induced mutation

43
Q

Genes located close together on the same chromosomes are referred to as ____ genes and ____.

A

Linked; don’t assort independently of some another.

44
Q

In humans, XO individuals are usually?

A

Sterile females

45
Q

What is the sum of all genotype frequencies?

A

1

46
Q

What are the 5 Hardy-Weinberg conditions?

A
  1. Random mating
  2. no mutations
  3. population is infinitely large
  4. No migration
  5. No difference in survival among genotypes (no natural selection)
47
Q

What is the equation for the frequency of a dominant trait in a population with 2 alleles?

A

P (dom) = 1- q (recessive)

Biology Final (4 decks)

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