Chp 1. The Cell

Question 1

What produces the proton-motive force in the ETC?

Answer 1

pumping of electrons from matrix across inner membrane into intermembrane space

Question 2

cytoplasmic/extranuclear inheritance

Answer 2

transmission of genetic material independent of the nucleus

Question 3

What events, by what organelles, kick-starts apoptosis?

Answer 3

1. release of ETC enzymes from mitochondria

2. release of hydrolytic enzymes by lysosomes

Question 4

endosomes

Answer 4

vesicles that package and sort cell material traveling to and from the membrane.

Question 5

function of smooth ER

Answer 5

1. lipid synthesis (mainly phospholipids)

2. detoxification of drugs

Question 6

peroxisomes

Answer 6

1. contain hydrogen peroxide, breaks down long fatty acid chains via B-oxidation
2. phospholipid synthesis
3. enzymes involved in pentose phosphate pathway

Question 7

microfilaments

Answer 7

main monomer: actin

function: solid/protection; cleavage burrow in cytokinesis

Question 8

microtubules

Answer 8

monomer: tubulin
function: railroad tracks for transport, associated with kinesin and dynein; also found in cilia and flagella; used for cell division to attach to kinetochores

Question 9

structure of eukaryotic cilia/flagella

Answer 9

9+2 structure with 2 central micotubules with 9 doublets of MTs.

Question 10

intermediate filaments

Answer 10

nvolved in cell-cell adhesion or maintenance of overall integrity of cytoskeleton.

examples: keratin, desmin, vimentin, lamins

Question 11

epithelial tissue

Answer 11

characteristics:
1. connected by underlying layer of connective tissue called basement membrane
2. polarized (one faces lumen, other side faces basement membrane)

different functions depending on organs

Question 12

simple epithelial

Answer 12

one layer of epithelial cells

Question 13

stratified epithelial

Answer 13

multiple layers of epithelial cells

Question 14

pseudostratified epithelial

Answer 14

appear to have multiple layers, but actually just one layer of epithelial cells

Question 15

cubodial, columnar, squamous

Answer 15

shapes of epithelial cells

Question 16

parenchyma

Answer 16

main functional parts of the organ

Question 17

stroma

Answer 17

supportive parts of the organ

Question 18

fibroblast

Answer 18

produce collagen; connective tissue cell

Question 19

endothelial cells of blood vessels

Answer 19

epithelial cell

Question 20

alpha-cells in pancreas

Answer 20

produce glucagon, epithelial

Question 21

osteoblast

Answer 21

produce osteoid, material that hardens bone, connective tissue cell

Question 22

chondroblast

Answer 22

produce cartilage, connective tissue celll

Question 23

obligate aerobes

Answer 23

must have oxygen to survive

Question 24

obligate anaerobes

Answer 24

cannot tolerate oxygen, leading to production of radicals that kill the bacteria

Question 25

faculative anaerobes

Answer 25

able to switch

Question 26

aerotolerant anaerobes

Answer 26

unable to use oxygen for metabolism, but are not harmed by O2.

Question 27

gram positive stain + cell wall structure

Answer 27

stain: absorbs crystal violet stain = purple
structure: has peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid

Question 28

gram negative stain + cell wall structure

Answer 28

absorbs the counterstain of safranin = pink

structure: has outer membranes of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides

Question 29

peptidoglycan

Answer 29

present in gram-positive bacteria (amino acids and sugars) in cell wall

Question 30

lipoteichoic acid

Answer 30

present in gram-positive bacteria, may trigger immune system

Question 31

30s and 50s

Answer 31

size of prokaryotic ribosomes

Question 32

40s and 60s

Answer 32

size of eukaryotic ribosomes

Question 33

structure of prokaryotic flagella

Answer 33

made of flagellin, consists of filament, basal body, and hook

Question 34

how is eukaryotic flagella different from prokaryotic flagella

Answer 34

eukaryotic: 9+2 made up of microtubules
prokaryotic: flagellin, with 3 parts– filament, basal body, and hook

Question 35

expt: vehicle

Answer 35

saline only (often control)

Question 36

episomes

Answer 36

bacterial plasmids capable integrating into the genome of the bacterium

Question 37

F plasmid

Answer 37

plasmid contains genes for conjugation (F+)=male

Question 38

F+ cell

Answer 38

bacteria with F plasmid, able to form pilus

Question 39

Hfr bacteria

Answer 39

high frequency of recombination (undergoes conjugations quite a lot)

Question 40

transduction

Answer 40

viruses insert DNA from a different bacteria into new bacterial host

Question 41

expt: semilog plots – linear line increase

Answer 41

linear line on semilogs actually mean expontential increase

Question 42

transformation

Answer 42

bacteria soaks up foreign DNA

Question 43

positive sense RNA

Answer 43

used immediately to produce protein, like mRNA

Question 44

negative sense RNA

Answer 44

need to make complemtnary RNA strand using RNA replicase, then use that to make protein

Question 45

retroviruses

Answer 45

have RNA, that uses reverse transcriptase to make DNA, which is then integrated INTO the host genome, making only way to stop infection is to KILL the infected cell.

Question 46

viral extrusion

Answer 46

release of virions by exocytosis (host cell stays alive) in “productive cycle”

Question 47

productive cycle

Answer 47

viruses uses extrusion to release virions via exocytosis

Question 48

lytic cycle

Answer 48

host lysis and releases new virions; viruses that undergo lytic cycle are virulent.

Question 49

lysogenic cycle

Answer 49

dormant, the “prophage” or viral DNA gets integrated with host, this may lead to it moving to transduction to increase bacterial/viral diversity

Question 50

prions

Answer 50

protein that’s “infectious” can causes trouble by misfolding other proteins = made cow disease

Question 51

viroids

Answer 51

RNA that’s “infectious” that can cause gene silencing, often found in plants.