chp 1: introduction

Question 1

genetics

Answer 1

the scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation. it can be studied at the organismal, cellular, and molecular levels

Question 2

inheritance/heredity

Answer 2

the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

Question 3

genetics is centered on the study of

Answer 3

genes

Question 4

gene

Answer 4

unit of heredity

Question 5

modern definition of gene

Answer 5

a segment of chromosomal DNA that provides info on how to produce a functional product such as a polypeptide or an RNA

Question 6

genes provide

Answer 6

blueprint that determines the traits of an organism

Question 7

traits

Answer 7

characteristics of an organism

Question 8

hippocrates

Answer 8

(500 B.C.) proposed theory of pangenesis and preformationism

Question 9

theory of pangenesis

Answer 9

“seeds” are produced by all parts of the body in fluids called “humors”
- collected in the reproductive organs
- then transmitted to preformed offspring at moment of conception

Question 10

theory of epigenesis proposed by

Answer 10

aristotle

Question 11

theory of epigenesis

Answer 11

blood needed to form semen

Question 12

semen had

Answer 12

“vital force” to shape and create a new human

Question 13

how do organisms start out in theory of epigenesis

Answer 13

organisms start out without form and are molded into their final form using a generative force

Question 14

theory of epigenesis is now referred to as

Answer 14

embryonic development

Question 15

modern theory of preformationism proposed by

Answer 15

william harvey (1578)

Question 16

modern theory of preformationism

Answer 16

people using early microscopes thought they saw a miniature human or homunculus in the sperm

Question 17

with proper nourishment the homunculus will

Answer 17

unfold into its adult proportions

Question 18

the Spermists believed

Answer 18

the characteristics of the future person were found in the sperm

Question 19

the Ovists believed

Answer 19

the characteristics of the future person resided in the egg

Question 20

who refutes the idea of preformation

Answer 20

Embryologist Casper Wolff in 1733

Question 21

charles darwin

Answer 21

pangenesis = gemmules instead of seeds in humors

Question 22

gregor mendel

Answer 22

published an explanation of hereditary transmission in plants in 1866

Question 23

after mendel’s death (1884)

Answer 23

cytologists using the microscope discover chromosomes separating in anaphase in meiosis

Question 24

friedrich miescher

Answer 24

(1868) discovered nucleic acids

Question 25

oskar hertwig (1882)

Answer 25

discovers that chromosomes contain DNA and proteins

Question 26

what botanists rediscovered Mendel’s work and during what time

Answer 26

(1900)
- Carl Correns
- Hugo de Vries
- Erich von Tschermak
- William J Spillman (usa gregor mendel)

Question 27

who independently observed chromosome movement during cell division

Answer 27

(1903) Walter Sutton and Ted Boveri
- determined chromosomes contain hereditary factors

Question 28

Thomas Hunt Morgan (1906)

Answer 28

looked at sex-linked inheritance (X-linked traits)

Question 29

Phoebus Levene (1905)

Answer 29

defined basic nucleic acid structure = comes up with nucleotides
- named all the bases

Question 30

what did Phoebus Levene get wrong

Answer 30

thought that nucleotides consistently repeat as ACGT