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Pathology 1 > chp 1 > Flashcards

chp 1 Flashcards

1
Q

extracellular matrix

Def:

A

Allows cells to form tissues and organs

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2
Q

Extracellular Matrix

- Macromolecules: (5)

A
  • Collagen
    • Elastin
    • Fibronectin
    • Proteoglycans
    • Hyaluronic acid
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3
Q

Extracellular Matrix - Function:(4)

A
  1. Mechanical support
  2. Control of cell proliferation
  3. Scaffold for tissue regeneration
  4. Provides a microenvironment for tissues
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4
Q 
Basement membrane (basal lamina) 
Def:
A

specialized ECM

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5
Q

Basement membrane (basal lamina)/

  • describe structure
  • location? (2)
  • surrounds?(3)
A

thin, tough, flexible
location: under the epithelial and above the connective tissues, so its between cell sheets.
Surrounds: individual cells
fat, muscle, schwann cells

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6
Q

Cell adhesion Molecules(CAMs)

def:

A

surface proteins that bind to adjacent cells&ECM.

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7
Q

Cell adhesion Molecules(CAMS) protein families? (4)

A

integrins
cadherins
selectins
immunoglobulin super fam

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8
Q

CAMs involved in? (4)

A
  1. tumorigenesis
  2. blood-brain barrier establishment
  3. help lymphocyte find their target.
  4. inflammation
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9
Q

Cell Adhesion Molecules:

- Inflammation plays a critical role in and how?
3. steps

A
  • early development of atherosclerosis.
  1. Arteries have endothelial cells that get damaged by High BP.
  2. Glycosylated CAMs (glucose group) attaches to them.
  3. Recruit/ bind (wbc) AKA
    (inflammation stage of atherosclerosis)
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10
Q

Specialized Cell Junctions:

  • Def: holds…. providing….
  • (____ proof)
  • BIG on_______
  • maintain polarity where?
  • _________ complex
A
  • holds cells together
  • providing strong mechanical attachment
  • leak proof
  • big on communication
  • apico-basal
  • junctional complex
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11
Q

Specialized Cell Junctions:

- 3 types? where are they close to/located

A
  1. Adherens - close to apex
  2. Desmos: close to apex
  3. Hemidesmo: base of cell
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12
Q

Apicobasal polarity

  • sections broken in? what is it?
  • connections of cell?
  • having this allows
A
  • sections broken into 2: apex-top, base-bottom.
  • connections of cell coming all together.
  • certain functions occur on top and bottom
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13
Q

Specialized cell junctions; allow for special cell communication
ex: how

A

electrical waves going from cell to cell.

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14
Q

apex:

  • where?
  • Function
  • goes to?
  • have what features?(2)
A
  • upper, free surface
  • secretion
  • goes to lumen
  • have microvilla/cillia
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15
Q

basal:

  • where?, attached to
  • function
  • coming from?
A
  • lower, attached to surface
  • absorption
  • from lumen ( cuz above it is the apex and that TO lumen so basal is FROM lumen)
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16
Q

What helps maintain apico-basal polarity?

A

specialized Cell junction

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17
Q

Junctional Complex:

  • (4) types
  • gating:
    • chem that helps gating, where is gating located.
A

desmos,tight,gap,connexons

gating: control permeability(its a gate allows things in/out)
- Ca++ in cytoplasm

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18
Q

Cell communication maintains:
regulates?
coordinates?

A

homeostasis, regulates growth, division, coordinates functions

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19
Q

Cell communiction:

2 types

A

control dependent signals

remote signals

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20
Q

Contact dependent signals?

3

A

paracrine
autocrine
neurotransmitter

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21
Q

Remote signals (2)

A

Hormonal

Neurohormonal

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22
Q

Contact dependent signals means?

A

cells close in contact NOT in bloodstream

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23
Q

Remote signals means?

A

chem signals in bloodstream

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24
Q

Paracrine Signals?

A

chem messengers target nearby target cells

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25
Q

Autocrine signals

A

secreting cells targets ITSELF

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26
Q

neurotransmitter signals

A
  1. neuron secretes a neurotransmitter
  2. across synaptic cleft
  3. to receptor on postsynaptic target cell
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27
Q

hormonal signals

A

a hormone secrets into bloodstream delivered to target cell

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28
Q

Neurohormonal signals

A

neuron secrets chem messenger into bloodstream delivered to target cell.

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29
Q

Differentiate between transduction(signals) by channel regulation VS. second messenger cascades
(these are 2 types of signals)
- normal signal:_/received by ?
- cascades:4 steps?

A

signals create/release a molecule- received by target cells thru receptor proteins.

signal cascades: relay-> amplify->distribute->modulate signal.

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30
Q

if chem messenger is___ its cant cross?
Therefore, it binds to ____
when it responds we 2 thing?

A

polar
non-polar lipid bilayer
1. channel reg
2. 2nd messenger

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31
Q

Channel regulation:
def?
ex: motor nerve is? releasing?

A

open/close of ion channel

- motor nerve is DEPOLARIZED, releases acetylcholine.

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32
Q

Channel regulation:

Talk about acetylcholine steps?

A
  1. Acetylcholine binds to Cholinergic receptors
  2. opens Na+ channels
    for sarcolemma
33
Q

2nd messenger

- example for how to get a tissue response?

A

catecholamines bind to

AR for tissues responses.

34
Q

2nd messenger

- 2 pathways

A
  1. cAMP: epineph binds to betaAR, activates cAMP

2. Ca++: norepineph binds to alphaAR, activates Ca++

35
Q

growth factors that transmit signals within and between cell

A

cytokines

36
Q

Metabolism:
1.
2.

A

Chemicals maintaining cell functions

Provides cells with energy

37
Q

Anabolism:
def?
ex:?

A
  • energy using

- Gluconeogenesis

38
Q

Gluconeogenesis?

Forms glucose from?(4)

A

pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, aminos

39
Q

Catabolism:
def:
ex:

A
  • energy releasing

- Glycolysis

40
Q

Glycolysis:

breakdown of glucose to?

A

pyruvate, lactate

41
Q

ATP useful work in human body.

  • Like where does it come from?
  • Therefore is used in
A
  • ATP comes from organic molecules(carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) (food that we eat)…which are CATABOLIZED, and transferred to ATP.
    Used in: Organic mols, muscles contraction, active transport.
42
Q

The food we eat isnt what gives us energy its when it is

A

catabolized

43
Q

Atp functions:(2)

A
  1. stores energy

2. transfers energy

44
Q

ATP transfers energy
from ___ to _____
ex:

A

chemical to mechanical

ex: skeletal muscle contration

45
Q

Foos production of cellular energy (3 phases)

A

Phase 1: Digestion
Phase 2: Glycolysis
Phase 3: Oxidative phosphorylation

46
Q

digestion phase 1

A

Proteins -> aminos
carbs/poly-> simple sugar
Fats-> fatty acids

47
Q

glycolysis (phase2)

A

Macro nutrients into 2 carb molecules aka Acetyl CoA.

Metabolism of glucose to pyruvate(slow) or lactate(fast)

Produces NADH and 2 net ATP

48
Q

Glycolysis Phase 2:
location:
Metabolism of glucose to (2)
Produces:

A

in: cytoplasm
Glucose to: pyruvate(slow) or lactate (fast)
produces: NADH & 2 ATPs

49
Q 
Oxi phosphorylation (phase 3)
This point of this??
A

ATP generated

50
Q 
Oxi phosphorylation:
In:
Mechanism: 
1. def:
- 
- 
- 
-
A

in: mito
1. (reduced electron carriers re-oxidized)
- NADH -> NAD+
- FADH2 -> FAD+
- O2 -> to water
- temp H+ generated, powers ATP from ADP.

51
Q

Acetyl CoA is known as the

A

final entry point into the kreb cycle ( bc food gets super chopped up and leads to Acetyl CoA)

52
Q

Kreb cycle is call this bc

A

2 C’s enter Acetyl CoA and

2 C’s exist as CO2

53
Q

Passive Membrane:
occurs when?
3 types?

A

lipophillic molecules (o2,co2, steriods), water & solutes flow thru pores and dwn concentration.

-Diffusion, filtration, osmosis

54
Q

Diffusion:
depends primarily on:
rate depends on:

A

PRIMARILY dependent on concentration gradient.

  • Rate depends on surface its at, concentration of gradient, thickness of memb
55
Q

Larger membrane surface area =

A

Higher rates of diffusion

56
Q

Greater concentration gradients =

A

HIGHER diffusion rates

57
Q

Thicker membranes =

A

LOWER diffusion rates

58
Q

Osmosis =
1.
2. pressure
3. pressure

A
  1. Water moving towards where there is MORE solutes.
  2. Osmotic pressure opposes hydrostatic pressure.
  3. Oncotic/colloid pressure overall osmotic pressure caused by proteins that dont go through.
59
Q

Filtration
-pressure
-
- ex?

A
  • hydrostatic pressure
  • Water/solutes move due to a PUSH from on side of membrane.
    ex: blood vessels - push by gravity and pumping heart
60
Q

where is more hydro pressure

A

side with more water.

61
Q

Active transport:

A

requires life,

Na+/K+ pump against gradient

62
Q

Na+/K+ Pump =
describe its flow
- Does ____ work?
- if this didn’t exist what would happen?

A
  • 3 Na+ OUT, 2 K+ IN(antiport system)
  • Does osmotic work, every ATP -> 3na out, 2k in. NET LOSS of SOLUTE cuz 3 is leaving only 2 coming in. SO WATER follows, so cells have constant water.

If NA+/K+ pump did not exist cells would swell because we wouldn’t have the net loss of solute allowing water to follow.

63
Q

Vesical transport: (3)

A
  1. endocytosis (taking in)
  2. exocytosis (releasing)
  3. transcytosis (taking in and releasing)
64
Q

Resting Membrane Potential:

  1. difference in?
  2. NA+, K+ pump maintains concentrations cuz?
A
  1. voltage in membrane
    • Na+ more concentration out of cell cuz they go out
      - K+ more concentration in of cell cuz they go in
      - So there’s a balance
65
Q

Resting membrane is leakier for na+ or k+

A

K+ bc it diffuses out easily vs. Na+

66
Q

Result of resting membrane and thats not the na+/k+ process?

A

excess anions inside membrane, and increase in cations outside the cell -> difference in charge distribution=polarized -> resting potential is NEGATIVE.

because K+ is positive and its leaving and the negatives aren’t, there is no way for them too, they just stay in while this whole na+/k+ pump is going on. THIS IS WHY RESTING IS NEGATIVE…negatives are resting inside the membrane there is no way for them to leave. POSITIVE IS ALL OUTSIDE. THIS DIFFERENCE IS the nature of RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

67
Q

Electrolytes:

Non-electrolytes:

A

cation+,anions- (dissociates)

Glucose, urea, creatinine (doesn’t dissociates)

68
Q

Action potential:

A
  1. Resting cell->activated by electrochemical stimulus->Na+ gates OPEN, rushing in so many that DEPOLARIZES (removes) threshold -> cells continue depolarizing w/o stimulation, usually it needs stimulation but since its surpassed its threshold its going crazy.
    * 2. RAPID reversal in polarity; the inside that was alll neg and chilling will become positive.= action potential
  2. Repolarizes(reverse the starting step), cant be neg out and pos in the rush has to stop.
  3. NEGATIVE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL COMES BACK(neg in,pos out-na+/k+ pump)
    - Na+ gates close,K+ open = memb is neg now
    - Resting memb is back to normal (resting - are back inside)
69
Q

Depolarization:

A

the rushing in of Na+

70
Q

Repolarization:

A

Neg memb potentional jumps in to reverse the crazy na+. Na/k pump comes back too.

71
Q

Resting:

A

Na/k pump…anions in membrane

72
Q

Cell Cycle =

A
  • repeated duplication/division
  • interphase (G1, S, G2phase)
  • M Phse = Mitosis
73
Q

Describe;
G1,S,G2 &
M Phase/cytokinesis
-4 types of M phase

A

G1 phase - gap (presynthesis)
S phase - DNA replication and synthesis
G2 phase - RNA and protein synthesis (premitotic)

M phase - mitosis (splitting of nuclei) and cytokinesis (splitting of cytoplasm); shortest phase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
74
Q

the cell cycle control system ?

A

Different rates of cellular division:
Completed cycle takes 12-24 hours
Interphase = LONGEST
M phase = shortest

75
Q

Mitogens:

  1. induce?
  2. 3 examples
A
  1. Induce mitosis

2. EX: PDGF can stimulate smooth muscle cells, neuroglial cells, and fibroblasts to divide

76
Q

Growth factors:
Def:
ex: (2)

A

Stimulate cell growth by promoting protein synthesis

ex:
1. insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2
2. Transforming growth factor 𝜷

77
Q

Survival factors

A

Promote survival by suppressing apoptosis(programmed cell death)

78
Q

Cells are constantly turning over, Worn out cells under go

A

cell death and get replaced by

replication and division process to always have working viable cells.

Pathology 1 (2 decks)

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