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Computer Science > Chp 1 > Flashcards

Chp 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s the basic building block in all computers

A

Binary number system

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2
Q

Why is the binary number system chosen

A

It only consists of 1s and 0s since computers contain many switches which must be in or off position, they can be represented by the binary system on is 1 and a off is a 0

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3
Q

Denary is known as a

A

Base 10 number system

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4
Q

What is the binary number system

A

Base 2 number system

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5
Q

Convert the number 11101110 into denary

A

238

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6
Q

Convert 011110001011 into denary

A

1931

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7
Q

Convert 142 into binary

A

10001110

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8
Q

Convert 59 into binary

A

00111011

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9
Q

Hexadecimal number system

A

Base 16 system

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10
Q

Convert 101111100001 into hex

A

BE1

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11
Q

Convert 11000011 into hex

A

C3

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12
Q

Convert 11000011 into hex

A

C3

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13
Q

Convert 45A into binary

A

010001011010

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14
Q

Convert BF08 into binary

A

1011111100001000

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15
Q

45A into denary

A

4 x 256 + 5 x16 + 10 x1 = 1114

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16
Q

Conger C8F into denary

A

12 x 256 + 8 x 16 + 15x1 = 3215

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17
Q

Convert 2004 into hex

A

/ 16

7D4

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18
Q

Convert 2004 into hex

A

/ 16

7D4

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19
Q

Convert 8463 into hex

A

210F

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20
Q

Why would you use hex instead of binary i

A

It’s more convenient to use. The hex number is easier for humans to remember copy and work with

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21
Q

Error codes

A

Their shown in hex values
These numbers refer to the memory location of the error and are usually automatically generated by the computer. The programmer needs to know how to interpret the hexadecimal error coded.

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22
Q

When is hex used in a computer

A

Error codes
MAC address
IPv6 addresses
HTML colour codes

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23
Q

MAC addresses (media access control)

A

Refers to a number which uniquely identifies a device on a network. The Max address refers to the network interface card NIC which is part of the device. The MAC address is rarely changed so that a particular device can always be identified no matter where it is.

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24
Q

Mac address structure

A

(NN-NN-NN) first half and it indentured the number of manafacturer of the device and the second half (DD-DD-DD) is the serial number of the device

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25
Q

Internet protocol IP address

A

Each device connected to the internet is given an address known as the IP address. An IP address is 32 but number written in hex form.

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26
Q

Hypertext mark up language HTML colour codes

A

Mark up language used in the processing definition and presentation of text in a specific color. HTML uses <tags> which are used to bracket a piece of text for example.</tags>

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27
Q

How is HTML often represented

A

Represents colours on the computer screen. All colours can be made up of different combinations of the three primary Color’s rgb the different intensity if each colour is determined by the hex value. #00 00 00
1st 00 red 2nd are green and the blue

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28
Q

O + 0
0 + 1
1+1
1+ 1 +1’

A

= 0
1
10
11

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29
Q

Add 00100111+ 01001010

A

01110001

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30
Q

Convert 126 and 62 into binary and add the.

A

O1111110 + 00111110 = 10111100

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31
Q

Overflow

A

That the sim has exceeded this value
Meaning the number is too big to be stored in the computer using 8 buts

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32
Q

The greater the number of buts which can be used to represent a number the

A

Larger the number that can be stored

33
Q

Logical binary shift

A

Means moving the bunsry number to the left or to the right each shift to the left is multiplying by 2 and each shift to the right is dividing by 2
There is a limit of number of shifts because eventually it would only contain zeros

34
Q

Shift 00010101 to the left

A

2x
00101010

35
Q

11001000 binary shift to the right

A

Divided by 2
01100100

36
Q

Twos complement

A

Left most but is negative -128

37
Q

19 in twos complement

A

00010011

38
Q

Twos complement 11100100

A

-28

39
Q

ASCII code

A

Character set 7-bit code
Represents letters numbers and characters found on a standard keyboard only English
Upper and lower case

40
Q

Extended ASCII

A

8 bit code 0 to 255
Characters from non English alphabet

41
Q

ASCII code disadvantages

A

Does not represent characters for non western languages for example Chinese characters.

42
Q

Unicode

A

Can represent all languages of the world supporting many operating systems search engines and internet browsed used globally, 32 but emojis

43
Q

What are soundawves

A

Vibrations in the air. The human ear sense these vibrations and interprets them as sound

44
Q

The amplitude specifies the

A

Loudness of the sohndm

45
Q

How can sound waves be stored in a. Computer

A

Sound waves need to be sampled. Sampling means measuring the amplitude of the sound wave. This is done using an analogue to digital converter

46
Q

How to convert sound waves digitally

A

Sampled at regular time intervals. The amplitude of the sound cannot be measured precisely so approximate values are stored.

47
Q

Increasing the number of possible values used to represent sound amplitude

A

Increase the accuracy of the sample sound

48
Q

Sampling resolution

A

The number of bits per samples

49
Q

Sampling rate

A

The number of soun samples taken per second measured in Hz

50
Q

So how is sampling used to record a sound clip

A

The amplitude of the sound wave is first determined at set time intervals the sampling rate
This gives an approximate representation of the sound wave each sample of the sound wave is then encoded as a series of binary dugufd

51
Q

Using a higher sampling rate or larger resolution will result

A

In a more accurate representation of the original sound source . However the higher the sampling rate or sampling resolution the greater the file size.

52
Q

The benefits and disadvantages of using a larger sampling resolution when recording sound

A

Benefits :
Larger dynamic range
Better sound quality
Less sound distortion

Drawbacks:
- products larger file size
Takes longer to transmit / download music files
Requires greater processing power

53
Q

Bitmap images

A

Made up of pixels and images is made up of two dimension matrix of pixels
Stored in a computer as a series of binary numbers

54
Q

Each pixels can be represented as.

A

Binary number

55
Q

Colour depth

A

The number of bits represent each colour

56
Q

Increasing the color depth

A

Increase the size of the file when storing an image

57
Q

Image resolution

A

Refers to the number of pixels that make up an image.

58
Q

How can an image be fuzzy

A

If there are fewer pixels to represent an image

59
Q

High resolution images increases the

A

File size

60
Q

Bit

A

The basic unit of all computing memory storage terms and is either a 1 or 0.

61
Q

Bit byte

A

1 byte
8 bits
2^10 KB
2^20 MB
GB
TB
PB
EB

62
Q

Calculating file size image

A

Image resolution x color depth

63
Q

The size of a sound file calculation us

A

Sample rate x sample resolution x length of sample

64
Q

A camera detector has an array of 2048 by 2048 pixels and uses a color depth of 16. Find the side of an image taken by this camera in MiB

A

2048 x 2048 x 16 /8
/ 1024 x 1024 = 8 MiB

65
Q

What are reasons to reduce or compress the size file

A

To save storage space on devices such as a hard disk drive / solid state drive
To reduce the time taken to stream a music or video file
To reduce the time taken to upload, download or transfer a file
The download upload process uses up network bandwidth this is the maximum rate of transfer of data across a network, measured in bits per second.
Contain fewer bits. Less bandwidth reduces dcosg

66
Q

Lossy file compression

A

File compression algorithm eliminates unnecessary data from the file. This means the original file cannot be reconstructed once it has been compressed.

67
Q

Lossy file compression results in some

A

Loss of detail when compared to the original file. They have to decide which parts of the file need to be retained and which parts can be discarded

68
Q

When applying a lossy file compression algorithm to an image

A

It may reduce the resolution or the bit or the colour depth

69
Q

When applying a lossy file compression algorithm to a sound file

A

It may reduce the sampling rate or the resolution

70
Q

Lossy files are smaller than

A

Lossless files which is a great benefit when considering storage and data transfer rate requirements.

71
Q

Common lossy files compressions algorithms are

A

MP3 AND MP4
JPEG

72
Q

How can the original music file be reduced by 90 percent while still retaining most of the music quality

A

Removal of sounds outside the human ear range
If two sounds are played at the same time only the Louder one can be heard by the ear so the softer sound is eliminated. This is called perceptual music shaping

73
Q

How can the original music file be reduced by 90 percent while still retaining most of the music quality

A

Removal of sounds outside the human ear range
If two sounds are played at the same time only the Louder one can be heard by the ear so the softer sound is eliminated. This is called perceptual music shaping

74
Q

MP4 files compression

A

Movies could be streamed over the internet using the mp4 format without losing any real discernible quality. Retains an acceptable quality of sound and video

75
Q

JPEG

A

Lossy file compression algorithm used for bitmap images a new file is formed and the original file can no longer be constructed

76
Q

What are the reduction process of JPEG file

A

Human eyes don’t detect the difference in colour shades quite as well as they detect differences in image brightness
By separating pixel colour from brightness images can be split into 8 x 8 pixel blocks

77
Q

Lossless file compression

A

All the data from the original uncompressed file can be reconstructed. This is particularly important for files where any loss of data would be disastrous
Is designed so that none of the original detail from the file is lost

78
Q

Run length encoding RLE

A

Can be used for lossless compression of a number of different file formats
It is a form of lossless compression/ reversible file compression
It reduces the size of string of adjacent identical

79
Q

Repeating string is encoded into two values

A

The first value is encoded into two values
The first value represents the number of identical data items in the run
The second value represents the code of the data item
RLE is only effective where there is a long run of repeated units bits

Computer Science (5 decks)

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