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BGDA > Cholinergic Mechanisms > Flashcards

Cholinergic Mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system split into? Name their functions

A

Somatic - Skeletal Muscle
Enteric - Control GIT function
Autonomic - Visceral Organs

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2
Q

What are the different response types? What are their purpose?

A

Parasympathetic - “Rest and Digest”

Sympathetic - “Flight or Fight”

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3
Q

What is the function of the ANS during pregnancy?

A

Adapt the body to nurture the foetus

Adapt the maternal blood volume and cardiac output to match foetal requirements

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4
Q

What is foetal heart rate regulated by?

A

The ANS, where parasympathetic (vagal) activity is dominant

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the vagal activity in the foetus?

A

Slow down heart rate and stabilise at 120-160BPM

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6
Q

What aortic arch receptors are there and what do they do to regulate FHR?

A

Chemoreceptors - sensitive to low O2, increase vagal activity during hypoxia, reduce HR

Baroreceptors - Sensitive to changes in arterial pressure

  • Inc pressure = inc vagal activity = rd HR
  • rd pressure = rd sympathetic activity = inc HR
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7
Q

When does foetal ANS regulation begin? What is the significance?

A

Starts in the third trimester and continues to first year.

Ensures the infant can breathe, eat, homeostasis

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8
Q

Describe Cholinergic?

A

A neuron or axon that is capable of releasing acetylcholine (ACh) when a nerve impulse passes

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9
Q

What does the cholinergic system include?

A
  • Whole PNS
  • Pre ganglionic neurones of SNS
  • Post ganglionic neurons of SNS
  • Somatic motor neurons
  • CNS
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10
Q

At autonomic levels, what do cholinergic neurotransmissions control?

A
  • Smooth muscle activity
  • Exocrine and endocrine secretions
  • Heart rate and cardiac output
  • Metabolic processes
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11
Q

At somatic motor neurons what does ACh do?

A

Trigger contraction of skeletal muscle fibres.

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12
Q

At the CNS what does cholinergic neurotransmission regulate?

A
  • Plasticity
  • Arousal
  • Reward
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13
Q

Name the stages of cholingeric neurotransmission

A
  1. Re-uptake of choline
  2. Transport of ACh into vesicles
  3. Exocytosis of ACh
  4. Interactions between ACh and receptors
  5. Termination of ACh effects
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14
Q

WRT the stages of cholinergic neurotransmission, how is choline taken up?

A

Choline transferase brings choline in
Acetyle-coenzyme A (AcCoA) binds to choline to make ACh
Catalysed by Choline acetyltransferase

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15
Q

WRT the stages of cholinergic neurotransmission, how is ACh transported into vesicles? What other substances are there?

A

Transporter protein vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAT)
Other chemicals include ATP and P

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16
Q

WRT the stages of cholinergic neurotransmission, how is exocytosis mediated?

A

By vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)

17
Q

WRT the stages of cholinergic neurotransmission, how does ACh interact with the receptors?

A

Diffusion

18
Q

WRT the stages of cholinergic neurotransmission, how is the effect of ACh terminated? Why is this done?

A

Acetylecholinesterase (Membrane bound) breaks ACh into choline and acetate.
This prevents desensitisation of the organ and allows choline to be reused

19
Q

What methods can be used to target cholinergic neurotransmission? Name 5.

A
  1. Inhibition of reuptake
  2. Blockage of vesicular ACh transport (VAT)
  3. Inhibition of exocytosis of ACh vesicles
  4. Receptor agonist/antagonist
  5. Acetylecholinesterase inhibitors
20
Q

What is Acetylcholine?

A

Endogenous muscarinic and nicotinic receptor agonist

21
Q

Why is ACh not clinically useful?

A
  1. Quickly hydrolysed

2. Not selective for receptor sub-types

22
Q

What types of muscarinic receptors are there? Where they found?

A

M1 - CNS, GIT glands
M2 - Heart and smooth muscle
M3 - Smooth muscle and secretory glands
M4 - Nerve cells

23
Q

What are the sub types of nicotinic receptors?

A

Nm - Neuromuscular junctions

Nn - Autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla and CNS

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