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2a- Pharmacology > Cholinergic and Adrenergic Pharmacology > Flashcards

Cholinergic and Adrenergic Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Is cholinergic parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A

Parasympathetic

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2
Q

Is adrenergic parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A

Sympathetic

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3
Q

What is adrenergic and cholinergic pharmacology responsible for?

A

● Control of blood pressure: raise it in shock, lower it in hypertension
● Control of heart rate; speed up lethal bradycardias, slow down dangerous tachycardias
● Anaesthetic agents; muscle relaxants
● Regulation of airway tone; treat life threatening bronchospasm
● Pressures in the eye; prevent glaucoma causing blindness
● Control of GI function; diarrhoea and constipation

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4
Q

How many neurones innervate muscles in somatic nervous system?

A

1 neurone

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5
Q

How many neurones innervate muscles in autonomic nervous system?

A

2: Pre and post ganglionic fibres

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6
Q

What’s the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia?

A
  • The parasympathetic ganglia are near their targets with short post-ganglionic
    nerves
  • Sympathetic are near the spinal cord with longer post-
    ganglionic fibres
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7
Q

What makes up the parasympathetic NS?

A

● Cranial nerves like the oculomotor nerve, facial nerve and vagus nerve carry signals to the body
● A further sacral outflow innervates the pelvis

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8
Q

What type of receptor does the parasympathetic NS work on?

A
  • Short post-synaptic nerve fibres reach the targets and release acetylcholine (ACh)
  • acts on muscarinic receptors of various subtypes
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9
Q

What does the sympathetic NS consist of?

A

● Regulates the fight-and-flight response
● Nerve fibres originating in the spinal cord terminate in ganglia near the cord, then
send out long nerve fibres to blood vessels, muscles etc.

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10
Q

What type of receptor does the sympathetic NS work on?

A

They release noradrenaline which activates adrenergic receptors, of which there are two main types (alpha/ beta) with subtypes

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11
Q

Which type of receptor do both parasympathetic and sympathetic NS work on?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic fibres coming out of the CNS both release ACh, which acts on specific receptors called nicotinic receptors
As mediators

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12
Q

As a mediator, what do post ganglionic parasympathetic fibres release more of?

A

more acetylcholine, this time
acting on muscarinic receptors

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13
Q

As a mediator what do post-ganglionic sympathetic fibres release?

A

release noradrenaline, acting on alpha and beta adrenoceptors

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14
Q

What type of receptors are muscarinic receptors?

A

GPCRs

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15
Q

How many muscarinic receptor types are there?

A

M1-5

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16
Q

Where is M1 mainly?

A

In the brain

17
Q

Where is M2 mainly?

A

In the heart (activation slows heart)

18
Q

Where is M3 mainly?

A

glandular and smooth muscle (cause bronchoconstriction, sweating, salivary gland secretion)

19
Q

Where is M4/5 mainly?

A

In CNS

20
Q

What are some anti cholinergic drug side effects?

A

● In the brain, anticholinergics worsen memory and may cause confusion
● Peripherally, may get constipation, drying of the mouth, blurring of the vision, worsening of glaucoma

21
Q

What do alpha agonists do?

A

● Alpha 1 activation causes vasoconstriction, particularly in the skin and splanchnic beds: less so in brain, lung, heart
● Adrenaline will raise blood pressure and cardiac work in other settings
● Topical alpha activation in nasal decongestion

22
Q

What do alpha 1 activators do?

A

raise blood pressure

23
Q

What do alpha 2 activators do?

A

lower blood pressure

24
Q

What do alpha blockers do?

A

Block alpha 1 to lower blood pressure

25
Q

What drug can block alpha 1?

A

doxazosin

26
Q

What does Tamsulosin do?

A

blocks a specific subtype (alpha 1A) in the prostate, to help treat prostatic hypertrophy

27
Q

What does activation of beta 1 do?

A

increase heart rate and chronotropic effects, and may increase risk of arrhythmias

28
Q

What does activation of beta 2 do?

A

life saving in asthma, and can delay onset of premature labour

29
Q

What does activation of beta 3 do?

A

can reduce over-active bladder symptoms

30
Q

What do beta blockers do?

A

Lower blood pressure (reduction in cardiac output reduction in central sympathetic outflow activity), reduce cardiac work, treat arrhythmias

31
Q

What can beta blockers be used to treat?

A

● Angina
● MI prevention
● High blood pressure
● Heart failure

32
Q

What are side effects of beta blockers?

A

● Tiredness
● Bronchoconstriction
● Bradycardia
● Cardiac depression

33
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A
  • Stimulates all sympathetic receptors
    • Includes ones we don’t need
  • Used only in most serious situations

2a- Pharmacology (10 decks)

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