Chlamydia trachomatis Flashcards
Ocular Trachoma
causes what?
and location where infection is contracted and how is transmission occurs?
Important cause of blindness due to conjunctival scarring
Occurs worldwide, mainly among poor in areas such as the Middle East, North Africa, northern India, and in Native Americans in the southwestern US. Infections on transmitted from person to person.
Nongonococcal and post-gonococcal urethritis most common what type of diease? and replaces what std?
causes?
sexually transmitted diseases, replace gonorrhea.
Can cause PID, ectopic pregnancy & infertility if left untreated
Organism spreads into fallopian tubes and eventually the into peritoneal cavity causing scarring and pelvic inflammatory disease.
Serovars L1, L2, L2b, and L3 are invasive in contrast to A-K
what occurs in stage 1-3?
Organism spreads into fallopian tubes and eventually the into peritoneal cavity causing scarring and pelvic Lymphogranuloma venereum
Serovars L1, L2, L2b, and L3 are invasive in contrast to A-K
Another sexually transmitted disease (STD) found in Africa, Asia, and South America
Causes lesions, draining ulcers, and eventual lymphadenopathy after 2-6 weeks
1st Stage- lesion at the site of inoculation
2nd stage- acute lymphadenitis- enlarged lymph node and forming a large area of groin swelling or bubo.
3rd stage- a chronic stage causing the development of genital hyperplasia, rectal fistulas, draining sinuses, and other manifestations.
Inclusion conjunctivitis:
neonates transmission is by?
Neonates acquire by passage through the birth canal of infected mothers
Differs from Trachoma infection as there is no corneal scarring.
Adults can also acquire conjunctivitis through hand-to-eye contact with urogenital secretions containing the organism.
Inclusion conjunctivitis:
Adults get this by?
Adults can also acquire conjunctivitis through hand-to-eye contact with urogenital secretions containing the organism.
Direct Microscopic Examination:
Chlamydiaceae by using this microscope what are the percentage to identify this? and is it sensitive or rapid?
Rapid but not sensitive (60% sensitivity
Fluorescent antibody technique
advantages of this?
the fluorescein label which antibody and fluorescence is visible to be seen?
Greater sensitivity than direct microscopic examination.
Fluorescein-labeled monoclonal antibodies attach to elementary body (EB), making them visible with apple-green fluorescence
This technique can be utilized to detect organisms in clinical specimens such as
conjunctival scrapings, sputum, throat specimens, pleural fluid, urethral and cervical scrapings, rectal swabs, and lymph node aspirates.
Culture examination methods:
Cell culture on HeLa, McCoy and monkey kidney cells for cultivation of organisms.
Nucleic acid amplification and DNA probe
Monolayer of cell culture is stained and examined for perinuclear cytoplasmic inclusions.
Iodine, Giemsa, and immunofluorescent stains can be utilized to visualize the organisms.
Chlamydia trachomatis produces compact inclusions containing glycogen,
¢ Chlamydophila psittaci
Etiologic agent of psittacosis
¢ also known as parrot fever
¢ primarily an animal disease (birds and other animals) that is transmitted via inhalation as the result of an occupational exposure
¢ Zoo worker, poultry farmer, veterinarian, pet shop worker
¢ Infections range from asymptomatic to mild, to fatal cases of pneumonia
¢ Symptoms include fever, fatigue, chills, headache, and a non-productive cough
``¢ Chlamydophila psittaci
Etiologic agent of psittacosis
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
Associated with an acute respiratory illness which occurs worldwide
pneumonia, bronchitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis, flu-like illness, persistent cough
Transmission is person to person (no animal reservoir
Specimen of choice is nasopharynx epithelial cells but not sputum
Linked to atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) and coronary heart disease
Treatment for both organisms requires use of tetracycline or doxycycline.
Erythromycin is effective for individuals who cannot be prescribed tetracycline, such as for children and pregnant females.
CMV diagnosis
lab work out test
hallmark of cell appearance what is the name?
Pcr
Detection of viral nucleic acid in whole blood or plasma by EIA
Isolation of virus from human body tissue is confirmatory
In lung fibroblast cells, it produces large, basophilic, intranuclear inclusions called an “owl eye”
Serology tests can have cross reactions and cannot tell if active infection
Virus is endemic throughout the world
Infection is either acute and self-limiting or chronic and long-lasting
Acute form
Incubation period of 2 or 3 months
Acute illness of 1-4 weeks,
Recovery at about 6 months
Rhinoviruses
Major cause of common
cold primarily during fall and spring
Rare cause of bronchitis and pneumonia
Very hardy, heat stable and resistant to effects of desiccation
Factors associated with transmission
Close proximity of individuals in cold weather
Viral shedding in nasal secretions before symptoms
Shedding persists for several days after recovery
1/2 of cases are asymptomatic but still shed virus
Hands of infected individuals transfer nasal secretions to inanimate objects
Self inoculation of uninfected persons by rubbing eyes or nose
Diagnosis & Prevention
Laboratory diagnosis rarely attempted because of mild nature of infection
Control thru hand washing and avoiding contact between eyes, nose, and hands
Vaccine not likely due to number of serotypes
Mutations in hemagglutinin genes can allow the virus to easily pass from animals to humans leading to a pandemic
Influenza viruses have a high mutation rate they lack DNA polymerases which find and fix DNA
a characteristic of many RNA viruses
Influenza viruses are able to escape host defenses through antigenic variation
Influenza type A (continued)
Infection
Often asymptomatic or mild
Symptoms: fever, chills, myalgia, sore throat, and cough
Fatalities associated with viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial infection
Prevention
Vaccination is most effective method
Live attenuated vaccine (weakened virus)
Individuals with allergies to chicken eggs should not be vaccinated because the virus is propagated in chicken eggs
