Chiro Essentials Part 1 Flashcards
Abdominal pain blue gum line and constipation indicates?
Lead poisoning
Abdominal pain and tenderness in the right iliac fossa indicates?
Appendicitis
Abdominal pain following an alcoholic binge indicates?
Pancreatitis
Abdominal pain in the right iliac fossa and diarrhea indicates?
Crohn’s disease
Abdominal pain in the left iliac fossa blood in stool in a young female indicates?
Ulcerative colitis
Abdominal pain in the left iliac fossa blood in stool in an older male indicates?
Diverticulitis
Abdominal pain splenomegaly in a black child indicates?
Sickle Cell
Adrenal hemmorrhage and shock indicates?
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
Amenorrhea no lactation after postpartum hemorrhage indicates?
Sheehan’s syndrome
Arachnodactyly lens dislocation hyper-mobile joints indicates?
Marfan’s disease
Argyll-Robertson pupil aortic aneurysm and angina pectoris indicates?
Tertiary syphilis
Ataxia heart problems and scoliosis indicates?
Friedreich’s disease
Beefy red tongue and fatigue indicates?
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy and erythema nodosum indicates?
Sarcoidosis
Bilateral ptosis diploplia and difficulty chewing found in females indicates?
Myasthenia Gravis
Bitot’s spots in the eye indicates?
Vitamin A deficiency
Bladder or bowel control problem indicates?
cauda equina syndrome
Bleeding swollen gums indicates?
Scurvy
Blue lips swollen ankles and dyspnea indicates?
Chronic bronchitis
Blue sclera and frequent fractures as an infant indicates?
osteogenesis imperfecta
Bone pain head enlargement and deafness indicates?
Paget’s Disease of bone
Bronze skin cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus indicates?
Hemochromatosis
Buffalo hump obesity and purplish abdominal striae indicates?
Cushing’s syndrome
Buboes in the groin sign of the groove indicates?
Lymphogranuloma venereum
Bull’s eye rash indicates?
Lyme disease
Butterfly rash and multiple painful joints in a young female indicates?
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Cafe-au-lait spots and skin nodules indicates?
Neurofibromatosis
Calf pseudohypertrophy and a positive Gower’s sign indicates?
Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
Cape-like distribution of loss of pain indicates?
Syringomyelia
Caput Medusa indicates?
Cirrhosis with portal hypertension
Carditis chorea polyarthritis and subcutaneous nodules indicates?
Rheumatic fever
Casal’s necklace indicates?
Pellagra
Cat scratch fever and local lymphadenitis indicates?
Cat Scratch Disease
Cauliflower like lesions on the hands or genitals indicates?
Human Papilloma Viral Infection
Cherry red spots on the macula indicates?
Tay-Sachs disease
Cherry red skin and headaches indicates?
Carbon Monoxide poisoning
Chest pain worse on lying down and better while sitting forward indicates?
Pericarditis
Chest pain worse with exertion and better with rest indicates?
Angina pectoris
Chest pain with sweating and feeling of apprehension indicates?
Myocardial Infarction
Chills fever vomiting and costovertebral angle tenderness indicates?
Pyelonephritis
Chorea and dementia indicates?
Huntington’s disease
Chronic non healing ulcer on ear or nose indicates?
Basal cell carcinoma
Cirrhosis and Kayser-Fleisher rings indicates?
Wilson’s disease
Clubbing and cyanosis in an infant with heart murmur indicates?
Fallot’s tetralogy
Condylomata accuminata indicates?
Human Papilloma virus infection
Condylomata lata indicates?
Secondary syphilis
Coryza conjunctivitis and “C” oplick spots indicates?
Measles
Deep labored breathing with acetone smell on breath indicates?
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Dermatitis diarrhea and dementia indicates?
Pellagra
Dry eyes mouth and arthritis indicates?
Sjogren’s syndrome
Dysphagia glossitis and iron deficiency anemia indicates?
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Dyspepsia worse with eating food indicates?
Gastric type of peptic ulcer disease
Elastic skin with hypermobile joints indicates?
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Enlarged nerves and anesthetic hypopigmented rashes indicates?
Leprosy
Fair fat female over 40 with abdominal pain indicates?
Cholecystitis
Fever cough chest pain in a parrot breeder indicates?
Bird fancier’s disease
Fever headache and skin rash on wrist and feet indicates?
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Fever conjuctivitis coryza and fine rash on trunk indicates?
Measles
Fever neck stiffness and headaches indicates?
Meningitis
Fever night sweats weight loss cough or hemoptysis indicates?
Tuberculosis
Fever maculopapulovesicular rash on trunk indicates?
Chickenpox
Frequent urination with burning on micturition
Urinary Tract Infection
Frothy urine recurrent infections with normal blood pressure indicates?
Nephrotic syndrome
Frothy malodorus vaginal discharge indicates?
Trichomonas vaginitis
Galactorrhea and amenorrhea indicates?
Prolactinoma
Gumma indicates?
Tertiary syphilis
Gottron’s papules and heliotrope eyelids indicates?
Dermatomyositis
Gout and self mutilation in a child due to pain insensitivity indicates?
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Haygrath’s nodes indicates?
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Heartburn that is worse on lying down after meals indicates?
Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Heat intolerance fine tremors weight loss or exopthalmos indicates?
Hyperthyroidism
Heberden’s and Bouchard’s nodes indicates?
Osteoarthritis
Hematemesis following protracted vomiting or wretching indicates?
Mallory Weiss syndrome
Hemoptysis and in a chronic cigarette smoker indicates?
Lung cancer
Hemoptysis and hematuria indicates?
Goodpasture syndrome
Honey colored crusts on the face near the mouth and nose indicates?
Impetigo
Hyperpigmented oral cavity and intestinal polyps indicates?
Peutz-Jegher syndrome
Hyperpigmented skin creases bronze skin and fatigue indicates?
Addison’s disease
Hypertension hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis indicates?
Conn’s disease
Hypertension exopthalmos and goiter indicates?
Graves disease
Indurated painless and penile lesion indicates?
Primary syphilis
Infant with red hair and swollen abdomen indicates?
Kwashiorkor
Infant with microcephaly and rocker-bottom feet indicates?
Trisomy 18 (Edwards Syndrome)
Infant with microcephaly and indistinct philtrum indicates?
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Infant with mongoloid eyes and mental retardation indicates?
Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)
Irregularly irregular breathing indicates?
Biot’s respiration
Jaundice chills and fever indicates?
Ascending cholangitis
Jaundice ascites and firm non tender hepatomegaly indicates?
Cirrhosis
Jaundicee with tender hepatomegaly indicates?
Hepatitis
Large spatulate hands protruding jaw indicates?
Acromegaly
Loss of outer third of eyebrows and slow reflexes indicates?
Hypothroidism
Low back pain bamboo spine in young male adult indicates?
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Lower abdominal pain and 6-8 weeks of amenorrhea indicates?
Ectopic pregnancy
Koilonychia and pale mucous membranes indicates?
Iron deficiency anemia
Koplick spots and fever followed by fine maculopaular rash indicates?
Measles
Magenta colored tongue indicates?
Vitamin B2 deficiency
Male child with recurrent infection and no B cells indicates?
Bruton’s disease
Mental retardation large scrotal tongue and umbilical hernia indicates?
Down syndrome
Middle aged male smoker with intermittent claudication indicates?
Buerger’s disease
Midsystolic click and atypical chest pain indicates?
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Mole with irregular margins change in color size indicates?
Malignant melanoma
Mucoid urethral discharge in a sexually active male indicates?
Chlamydia urethritis
Muscle cramps with a positive Chvostek test indicates?
Hypoparathyroidism
Newborn with paralyzed arm after difficult vertex delivery indicates?
Erb-Duchenne palsy
Newborn with claw hand after difficult breech delivery indicates?
Klumpke’s palsy
Night blindness dry eyes/skin indicates?
Vitamin A deficiency
Nocturnal back pain recurrent infections and fatigue indicates?
Multiple Myeloma
Obesity hirsuitism and irregular periods indicates?
Polycystic Ovarian syndrome
Osler nodes Janeway nodules or Roth spots indicates?
Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis
Painful pale cold fingers and toes indicates?
Raynaud’s syndrome
Painful fingers and wrists bilaterally with morning stiffness (>1 hr) indicates?
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Painful hip with a limp in a young child indicates?
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease
Painful hip with a limp in an overweight teenager indicates?
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
Painful pulseless pale perishingly cold limb indicates?
Arterial embolism
Ohio Valley fever
Histoplasma capsulatum
San Joaquin Valley Fever
Coccidioides immitis
Spokes of wheel appearance
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Decaying vegetation
aspergillus fumigatus
Wright Giemsa stain
Parasites and syphilis
Spread by bat droppings
Histoplasma capsulatum
Causes meningitis spread by pigeon poop
cryptococcus neoformans
Causes pneumonia in an immune compromised patient
Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii)
Ziehl-Neelsen stain
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Percentage of true positive
Sensitivity
Percentage of true negative
Specificity
Used to exclude a disease if test is negative ( SnOUT)
Sensitivity
Used to include a diagnosis if test is positive ( SpIN)
Specificity
Sudden increase in the number with a disease locally
Epidemic
Normal occurrence of disease in a particular locally
Endemic
Sudden increase in the number with a disease worldwide
Pandemic
Number of people with the disease at a given time
Incidence
Number of people who have a particular disease
Morbidity rate
Number of people who die from a particular disease
Mortality rate
Epidemiology or Disease Triangle
Host agent (microbe) and environment
Antigenic shift (virus) spores (bacteria/fungus) cysts ( protozoa)
Microbial adaptations
Disease that has newly appeared
Emerging Disease
Previously known disease that has increased or spread
re-emerging disease
Bacteria and fungi form spores and protozoa form cysts
Pathogen adaptations to environment
Viral adaptation to the environment and host
Antigenic shift
Exposure of milk to progressively higher temperatures
Pasteurization
Use of chemicals to destroy most pathogens
disinfection
Allows water to pass through pores of different sizes
Filtration
Use of aluminum to precipitate material from water
Flocculation
Allows the precipitate to settle out
Sedimentation
Adds anaerobic bacteria to break down organic matter
sludge digestion
Allows water to pass through sand
sand filtration
Passes oxygen through to kill anaerobic bacteria
aeroation
Addition of chlorine to kill all remaining micro-organisms
Chlorination
Anecdotes case study case control cohort study or RCT
Hierarchy of evidence
Describes and interprets an individual case
Case study
Comparing outcomes of those with and without disease
Case Control Study
Follows samples prospectively with respect to disease
Cohort study
Random allocation to experimental or control group
Randomized Clinical Trial
Combines all outcomes and summarizes the findings
Systematic review
Subset of systematic review focused on one conclusion
Meta Anaylsis
Inspect meat and milk
Department of Agriculture
Drug and cosmetic quality and health product advertisement
Food and Drug Administration
Disease surveillance and restaurant inspection
Department of Public Health
Monitors Air and Water quality
Environmental Protection Agency
Monitors quality of diary products
US diary associated
Monitors workplace safety and hazardous material disposal
Occupational Safety Health Admin.
Epidemiological research and health stats
Centers of Disease Control
Oversees health care to the underserved
Health services Administration
Oversees funding for disease research
National Institutes of Health
Recent emerging disease spread by infected body fluids
Ebola
Spread by the vector lxodes scapularis
Lyme disease
Emerging disease spread by body fluids from infected rats
Hantavirus infection
Spread by working with infected birds
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Spread by working with infected pigs
H1N1 influenza
Emerging disease spread by contact with infected camels
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
Kills more people in the USA than AIDs
Methicillin Resistant Staph. Aureus
Process in which there is loss of hydrogen electrons
Oxidation
Process in which there is a gain of hydrogen electrons
Reduction
Replacement of hydrogen by carboxyl group (-COOH)
Carboxylation
Substance which speeds up the rate of chemical reactions
Enzyme
Inactive precursor protein with an additional peptide attached
Pro-enzyme
Enzyme that catalyzes the addition of carboxyl broup
Carboxylase
Removal of the carboxyl group (-COOH)
Decarboxylation
Reaction that combines H20 with a salt to produce acid and base
Hydrolysis
Enzyme that causes hydrolysis
Hydrolase
Movement of a phosphate (PO4) from one molecule to another
Phosphorylation
Enzyme which adds a phosphate from an organic compound
Phosphorylase
Enzyme that removes a phosphate from an organic compound
Kinase
Enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of one group to another
Transferase
Enzyme that makes an isomer ( same chemical composition)
Isomerase
Molecule with the same composition but different chemical structure
Isomer
Isomerase enzyme which changes the configuration of a molecule
Mutase
Number of Factors that affect enzyme activity
Three
Temperature pH and concentration of the substrate
Affects enzyme activity
Maximum velocity of a reaction
Vmax
Michaelis-Menten constant
Kmax
The amount of substrate required to reach 1/2 of the Vmax
Kmax
A substance which slows down the rate of an enzyme reaction
Inhibitor
Competition and allosterism
Enzymatic regulation
Actively competes with substrate for the active site
Competition
Changes in activity by acting on a site other than the active site
Allosterism
Chemical bond between two amino acids
Peptide bond
Chemical bond between the base bases found in DNA
Hydrogen bond
Chemical bond between glycerol and fatty acids
Ester bonds
Chemical bond between two sugars
Glycosidic bond
Chemical bond between nucleotides
Phosphodiester
Site of all pathways except the Krebs Cycle and 1st half of the Urea Cycle
Cytosol
Site of Krebs cycle and 1st half of the urea cycle
Mitochondria
Constituents of Starch
Amylose and Amylopectin
Long unbranched chains of glucose linked at C1 and C4 ( alpha 14 link)
Amylose
Fewer branches of glucose with alpha 14 and 1 6 linked branches
Amylopectin
Comprised of glucose and fructose found in table sugar and fruit
sucrose
Contains galactose and glucose found in milk ; beta 14 link
Lactose
Form in which glucose is stored in skeletal muscle and liver
glycogen
Aldopentose ( 5 carbon) sugar
Ribose
Ketohexoxe ( 6 Carbon) sugar
Fructose
Crucial step that controls how fast or slow the pathway goes
Rate Limiting Step
The most important rate limiting step in glycolysis
Phosphofructokinase
Steps in glycoylsis at which ATP is used
Steps 1 and 3
Steps in glycolyis at which ATP is produced
Step 7 and 10
Step in glycolysis at which NADH is produced
Step 6
Number of pyruvate molecules produced from one glucose in glycolysis
Two
Main fate of pyruvate
Converted to Acetyl CoA
Alternate fates of pyruvate
Lactate and Alanine
Number of carbon molecules in pyruvate
3
Number of carbon molecules in acetoacetate
2
Making glucose from pyruvate lactate glycerol fatty and amino acids
Gluconeogenesis
Irreversible steps in glycolysis that are replaced in gluconeogenesis
Steps 1 3 10
Location of gluconeogenesis
Mitochondria and cytoplasm
Lactate is converted to pyruvate which is converted to glucose
Sequence of events
Disorderly disorganized neoplastic growth
Anaplasia
Downey Cells
Mononucleosis
Dry eyes and dry mouth
Sjörgen’s Syndrome
Dystrophin defect
Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
Eburnation
Osteoarthritis
Enzymatic necrosis
Acute pancreatitis
Erythema nodosum
Sarcoidosis TB or drug reaction
Esophageal metaplasia
Barrett’s esophagus
Fatty necrosis
Liver damage
Fawn’s beard
Spina bifida occulta
Fibrillin defect
Marfan’s Syndrome
Galactorrhea
Prolactinoma
Ghon’s focus and complex
Primary Tuberculosis
Guaneri bodies
Smallpox
Gumma
Tertiary Syphilis
Gynestomastia in a tall thin male (XXY)
Klinefleter’s Syndrome
Heberden’s Nodes
Osteoarthritis of the fingers
Heliotrope eyelid discoloration and Gottron’s Papules
Dermatomyositis
Heterophil Antibodies
Mononucleosis
Hirano’s Bodies
Alzheimer’s disease
HLA-B8
Grave’s Disease
HLA-B27
Psoriatic Arthritis AS IBD Reiters (RAS)
HLA-DR3 or 4
DM Type 1 RA and SLE
Human Mad Cow Disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Hunner’s ulcers in the bladder
Interstitial cystitis
Hutchinson’s notched central incisors
Congenital Syphilis
Hypercoaguability venous stasis and vessel wall damage
Virchow’s Triad
Hyperelasticity of skin and joint capsule
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Hyperpigmented skin creases with fatigue
Addison’s disease
Immotile cilia with sinusitis bronchiectasis and situs inversus
Kartagener’s Syndrome
Inappropriate ADH secretion
Small cell lung cancer
Increased size of tissue or organ
Hypertrophy
Increased number of cells
Hyperplasia
Indistinct philtrum
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Kayser-Fleisher Rings
Wilson’s Disease
Kimmelsteil-Wilson Nodular Sclerosis
Diabetic Nephropathy
Koilonychia and dysphagia in a post-menopausal woman
Plummer Vinson Syndrome
Langhan’s giant cells
Tuberculosis
Large Cyst in the posterior cranial fossa
Dandy Walker Syndrome
Lewy Bodies
Parkinson’s disease
Libman-Sacks Endocarditis
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Linear esophageal tear after retching
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
Lines of Zahn
Thrombus
Liquefactive necrosis
Brain infarction
Liver and Brain damage after aspirin ingestion
Reye Syndrome
L-MYC oncogene
Colon Cancer
Looser’s zone (pseudo-fracture)
Osteomalacia
MacCallum’s patch in left atrium
Rheumatic Fever
Macrocytic Normochromic anemia
Folic Acid or Vitamin B12 deficiency
Malignant plasma cells
Multiple Myeloma
Microcytic hypochromic anemia
Iron deficiency anemia
Minimal change of the basement membrane
Nephrotic Syndrome
Most common cancer in men
Prostate cancer
Most common cancer in women
Breast Cancer
Most common cause of Osteomyelitis
Staphylococcus aureus
Most common malignant bone tumor
Metastasis
Most common benign brain tumor
Meningioma
Most common kidney tumor in children
Wilms Tumor
Most common malignant brain tumor in adults
Glioblastoma Multiforme
Most common malignant brain tumor in children
Neuroblastoma
Most common primary bone cancer in adults
Multiple Myeloma
Most common primary bone cancer in teens
Osteosarcoma
Most common skin cancer
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Most malignant skin cancer
Melanoma
M spike on serum electrophoresis
Multiple Myeloma
Multiple cysts in both kidneys in an adult
Adult polycystic disease of the kidney
Multiple cysts in one kidney in an infant
Congenital polycystic disease of the kidney
Multiple superficial ulcers in the colon
Ulcerative Colitis
Needle-shaped negatively birefringent crystals
Gout (Uric acid crystals)
Negri bodies
Rabies
Neurofibrillary tangles
Alzheimer’s disease
N-MYC oncogene
Neuroblastoma
Non-caseous granulomas in the gut
Crohn’s disease
Non-caseous granulomas in the lung
Sarcoidosis
Nutmeg liver
Congestive Heart Failure
Onion-skin periosteal reaction on x-ray
Ewing’s Sarcoma
Oral pigmentation and intestinal polyps
Peutz-Jegher Syndrome
Osteophytes
Osteoarthritis
Owl-eye appearance in lung biopsy
Cryptococcus neoformans
p16 oncogene
Malignant melanoma
Pannus formation
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Paroxysms of hypertension palpitations and perspiration
Pheochromocytoma
Philadelphia Chromosome
Chromic Myelogenous Leukemia
Pill-rolling tremor and decreased dopamine
Parkinson’s disease
Post-coital bleeding
Carcinoma of the cervix
Post-menopausal bleeding
Endometrial cancer
Prostatic Specific Antigen
Prostatic Carcinoma
Pseudohypertrophic calf muscles
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Pulmonary Stenosis VSD over-riding aorta RVH
Fallot’s Tetralogy
Pulsatile midline abdominal mass
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Rachitic rosary
Vitamin D deficiency in children
Red and grey hepatization in the lung
Pneumonia
Radiofemoral delay
Coarctation of the aorta
Red blood cell casts in the urine
Glomerulonephritis
Recurrent peptic ulcers
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Rib notching on chest x-ray
Coarctation of the aorta
Reed-Sternberg Cells
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Rokitansky-Ashoff sinuses
Cholecystitis
Scanning Speech intention tremor and nystagmus
Multiple Sclerosis
Sero-Positive (Rheumatoid Factor) arthritis
RA and SLE
Soap-bubble appearance on x ray
Giant cell Tumor
Spaghetti and Meatballs appearance
Malassezia furfur
Splenomegaly and eyethema nodosum
Sarcoidosis
Splinter Hemorrhages
Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis
Starry sky appearance in lymph node
Burkitt’s Lymphoma
Stunted small intestinal villi due to gluten sensitivity
Celiac Disease
Subchondral sclerosis
Osteoarthritis
Thymic and parathyroid aplasia
DiGeorge Syndrome
Thyroglobulin antibodies
Hashimoto’s disease
Trisomy 21
Down’s Syndrome
Vanilyl mandelic acid in the urine
Pheochromocytoma
Virchow’s triad-vessel damage stasis hypercoagulability
Deep Vein Thrombosis
Vomiting blood after protracted vomiting and retching
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
Wallerian Degeneration
Nerve Damage
Weight loss and Troisier’s sign
Gastric carcinoma
White blood cell casts in urine
Pyelonephritis
XO chromosomal disease
Turner’s disease
Zenker’s degeneration
Skeletal Muscle Damage
No cell wall no nucleus no ribosome DNA or RNA
Virus
Peptidoglycan wall single chromosome 70S ribosome
Bacteria
Chitin wall ergosterol membrane 80S ribosome nucleus
Fungus
Sterol membrane no chitin wall 80S ribosome nucleus
Parasite
Ability to cause disease
Pathogenicity
Ability to cause serious disease
Virulence
Hospital acquired infection
Nosocomial
Part of the normal flora
Commensal
Ability of two dissimilar living together
Symbiosis
Both organisms need each other to function
Synergism
Lag Log Stationary and Death
Bacterial growth phases
Phase of exponential growth
Log Phase
Heat irradiation antimicrobial chemicals antibiotics
Factors which affect bacterial growth
Host agent and environment
Disease Triangle
All viruses are RNA except 7 HHHAPPPy ones which are
DNA
3 DNA viruses are enveloped
HepaDNA Herpes and Pox
3 DNA viruses are naked
Papilloma Adeno and Polyoma
1 DNA virus that is single stranded
Parvo B19
All RNA viruses are single stranded EXCEPT
Rota Virus of the REO virus family
All RNA single stranded viruses are + EXCEPT 6
6 FABulous PROfessionals
Paramyxo Rhabdo Orthomyxo Filo Arena Bunya
Negative sense RNA viruses
All hepatitis viruses are RNA EXCEPT
Hepatitis B (hepaDNA group)
All hepatitis viruses are spread by the orofecal route EXCEPT
Hepatitis B and C (sex and blood)
Single stranded retrovirus
Human Immune Deficiency Virus
All ARBO viruses are flavi viruses EXCEPT
Calfornia encephalitis (Bunya virus)
Parotitis pancreatitis and painful orchitis
Paramyxovirus
Common cold with runny nose and sore throat
Corona virus
Hand foot and mouth lesions
Coxsackie virus
Bacteria without cell walls
Mycoplasma
Obligate intracellular parasites
Chlamydia Rickettsiae Coxiella
Flexible Bacteria
Borellia Leptospira and Treponema
Gram stain resistant bacillus-Ziehl Neelsen staining
Mycobacterium
Infection in bird keepers
Chlamydia psittaci
Most common preventable cause of blindness in Africa
Chlamydia trachomatis types A B and C
Conjunctivitis Urethritis and Arthritis
Chlamydia trachomatis types D-K
Sign of the groove
Chlamydia trachomatis type L
Q fever
Coxiella burnetti
Long start tick
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
Hemorrhagic disease spread by urine from infected rats
Leptospira interogans
Painless hard penile ulcer
Syphilis
Lung infection in wool sorters
Bacillus anthracis
Rheumatic Fever and glomerulonephritis
Streptococcus pyogenes
Infects previously damaged heart valves
Streptococcus viridans
Infects previously healthy heart valves
Staphylococcus aureus
Lockjaw (trismus)
Clostridium tetani
Transmitted by contaminated honey and causes paralysis
Clostridium botulinum
Muscle necrosis with gas formation
Clostridium perfringens
Grey pseudomembrane in the throat
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Paroxysmal bouts of coughing with a whoop in a child
Bordetella pertussis
Fever from handling infected rabbit skin
Francisella tularensis
Lung infection from infer air conditioners
Legionella pneumophila
Infected burns with blue green burns
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Gram negative coccus which ferments glucose
Neisseria gonorrhea
Gram negative coccus which ferments maltose
Neisseria meningitidis
Causes server diarrhea with rice water stool
Vibrio cholera
Causes peptic ulcer and some forms of stomach cancer
Helicobacter pylori
Vitamin deficiency which results in excess lactic acid production?
Biotin deficiency
Rate limiting step in gluconeogenesis?
F1 6 biophosphatase
Hormone which inhibits glueconeogenisis?
Insulin
Location of Krebs cycle?
Mitochondrial matrix
Steps in the Krebs cycle at which NADH is produced?
Steps 3+4+7
Type of enzyme which facilitates the production of NADH
Dehydrogenase
Destination of the energy harvested from the Krebs cycle?
Electron transport chain
Number of ATP’s generated from 1 NADH?
3 ATP
Number of ATP’s generated from 1 FADH2?
2 ATP
Number of NADH FAHD2 and GTP generated by one Krebs cycle?
3 NADH 1 FADH2 and 1 GTP
Number of Krebs cycles to completely break down 1 glucose?
2
Number of ATP produced from breakdown of one glucose in glycolysis?
4 ATP
Number of NADH produced from one glucose in glycolysis?
2 NADH
Net ATP gain from one glucose in glycolysis?
2 ATP
Number of NADH produced by converting pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
1
Total ATP generated by the breakdown of one molecule of glucose?
38 ATP
Alternate fule types for the krebs cycle?
proteins and fat
Succinyl CoA Oxaloacetate Fumerate and Alpha-ketogluterate are sights where protein ____?
Enter
Alpha-ketogluterate and Succinyl CoA are sights at which Fat ____?
Enter
Location of Electron transport chain?
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Role of electron transport chain?
Transfer of electrons to O2
Compound which has both reduced and oxidized forms of a molecule?
Redox pair
NAD [oxidized] and NADH [reduced] are examples of
Redox pairs
Drop off point for NADH in the Electron Transport Chain?
Complex 1
Drop off point for FADH2 in the electron transport chain?
Complex 2
Alternate name for Co Q10?
Ubiquinone
Heme containing compounds that receive electrons from CoQH2
Cytochromes
ETC complexes involving cytochromes?
Complex 3 and 4
ETC complexs involving phosphorylation
complex 5
Other metal which is important to the electron transport chain?
copper
Cycle used to prevent lactic acidosis [lactic acid buildup]?
Cori cycle
Purpose of the Hexose MonoPhysphate shunt?
Produces NADPH and Ribose
Location of the pentose phosphate pathway [aka HMP shunt]
Cytosol
Rate limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway?
G63p dehydrogenase
Sight of glycogen metabolism?
cytosol
Starter of primer molecule for glycogen synthesis?
Glycogenin
Compound containing a 5 carbon and 6 carbon sugar in glycogenesis?
Uridine DiPhospho-Glucose
Rate limiting enzyme used to lengthen the glycogen chain?
Glycogen Synthase
Type of chemical bonds between glucose molecules: alpha 14 and alpha 16 links
Glycosidic bonds
Tate Limiting enzyme in glycogenolysis activated by ATP?
Glycogen phosphorylase
Sites for glycogenolysis?
Heart liver and muscle
Name of enzyme that changes G1P to G6P
Phosphoglucomutase
Group consisting of Carbon with Oxygen and a hydroxyl attached?
Carboxyl group
One with no double bonds between the carbon atoms [C-C]
Saturated fatty acid
One with one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms?
unsaturated fatty acid
Linoleic acid [vegetable oil omega-6] and linolenic acid [fish oil - omega 3]
Essential fatty acids
Mono- unsaturated fatty acids [MUFA] - 18:1 (9)
Linoleic acid
Polyunsaturated Fatty acid 18;2(912) oleic acid
oleic acid
Plyunsaturated Fatty acid - 20:4 (581114)
Arachidonic acid
Location of lipolysis?
Mitochondria
Site of lipogenesis?
Cytosol
Rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis and target for statins?
HMG CoA reductase
Starting point for steroid hormone synthesis
Cholesterol
Phe Val The Trp Lle Met [His and Arg during pregnancy] Leu and lys are?
Essential amino acids
Asn Gly Glu Cys Ala Pro Ser Try Asp and Gln are?
non-Essentail amino acids
Proline [Pro]
Cyclic amino acid
Pheylalanine [phe] Tyrosine [Try] and Tryptophan [Trp]
Aromatic amino acids
Histidine [His} arginine [Arg] and Lysine [Lys]
basic amino acids
Asparagine [Asn] Aspartate [Asp] Glutamin [Gln] and Glutamate [Glu]
Acid amino acids
Cysteine [Cys] Methionine [Met} Serine [Ser] and Threonine [Thr]
Sulfer-containing amino acids
Alanine [Ala] Glycine [Gly] Isoleueucine [Ile] Leucine [Leu] Valine [Val]
Aliphatic amino acids
Removal of the amine NH2 group?
Deamination
Source of nitrogen for the urea cycle?
Glutamate and alanine
Substrates for urea formation?
NH3 and CO2
Location of the urea cycle?
Mitochondrion then cytosol
Rate Limiting enzyme in the urea cycle?
Carbamoyl PO4 synthase
Purine or Pyrimidine base PLUS pentose [5-carbon] Sugar
Nucleoside
Purine or Pyrimidine base PLUS pentose sugar and phosphate?
Nucleotide
Adenine and Guanine; used to make nucleosides and nucleotides??
Purine bases
Cytosine Uracil Thymine; used to make nucleosides and nucleotides?
Pyrimidine bases
Adenine and Thymine; Cytosine and Guanine; Adenine and Uracil?
Base Pairs
Nucleoside formed by combining uracil and d-Ribose?
Uridine
Enzyme which converts xanthine into uric acid
Xanthine oxidase
Process by which RNA template for protein synthesis is made from DNA?
Transcription
Process by which RNA codon begins to make an protein?
Translation
Arginine is made from which amino acid?
Glutamine
Glutamine arginine and proline are all made from which amino acid?
Glutamate
Glutamate is made from which amino acid?
alpha-Ketoglutarate
Asparagine is made from which amino acid?
Aspartate
Aspartate is derived from which amino acid?
Oxaloacetate transamination
Water soluble bitamins?
B and C
Fat soluble vitamins?
D A K and E
Anti-oxidants
Vitamins A C E and selenium
Used to make rhodopsin helps in the differentiation of epithelial tissue?
Vitamin A
Used in carboxylation of glutamate residue in making clotting factors?
Vitamin K
Powerful antioxidant which mops free radicals; lipid antioxidant?
Vitamin E
Cofactor in pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase?
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Precursor for FMN FAD and FADH2 in the ETC and Redox reactions?
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Precursor for NAD and NADP in the electron transport chain?
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Precursor for removal of CO2 (decarboxylase) in the Krebs cycle?
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Acyl carrier as part of Coenzyme A; Pantene Pro V (V=5)
Bitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)
Cofactor for several transaminase reactions?
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxin)
Used in carboxylation reactions?
Vitamin B7 (biotin)
Used in reactions involving malonyl and Methylmalonyl CoA?
Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
Used in the transfer of 1-Carbon units and makes Methionine and Purines?
Vitamin B9 (Folic acid)
Cofactors for methionine and Succinyl CoA Manufacture?
Vitamin B12 (cobalmin)
Cofactor in hydroxylation in the synthesis of collagen?
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Necessary in the electron transport chain and found in prunes?
copper
Cofactor of carbonic anhydrase found in seafood meat and whole grain?
Zinc
Forms complexes with ATP and found abundantly in nuts?
Magnesium
Helps with glucose transport into cells and found in oysters?
Chromium
