China Under Mao (1946-1976)

Question 1

KMT

Answer 1

Nationalist Party- Chiang Kai-shek
promised for democracy by reality was that it was corrupt and authoritarian.

Kuomintang

Question 2

Chiang Kai-shek

Jiang Jieshi

Answer 2

He is the official leader of China and got to join the United Nations.

Question 3

CCP

Answer 3

Communist Party- Maozedong
Increased population peasants, controlled parts of rural China, built up effective guerilla army. This was supported by the USSR.

Chinese Communist Party

Question 4

Mao Zedong

Tse Tung

Answer 4

Was seen as a strong leader to all citizens. Leader of the CCP, lead the Long March which was essential for creation of CCP, people were in favor of Chiang Kai Shek who gets to be in the United Nations. Mao also lead the People’s Republic of China.

Question 5

Second United Front

Answer 5

Even before the World War II, Japan had continuously invaded the northern part of China such as the city of Manchuria. The KMT and CCP unite to protect China, and fight Japan. The CCP fought with guerilla warfare as the KMT hide in caves.

Question 6

Chinese Civil War

Answer 6

As the Chinese won over Japan, there were plenty of land that were left for them to take. This triggered the start of the Civil War with broken alliance, Soviets giving their land in China from Japan to the CCP, and KMT + CCP fighting each other for more land.

After fighting, they agreed to truce which meant to put down their weapons and keep peace, but still shakey. KMT was corrupt with governors smuggling moeny and resources. Had a bad strategy while CCP was backed up by the Soviets and the peasants.

KMT= legitimate gov of China for foreign countries
CCP= gov for peasants

Question 7

People’s Republic of China (PRC)

Answer 7

• Mao declared the People’s Republic of China because of the sudden growth of CCP army and KMT’s corruption. It was clear that CCP was winning the war, Truman stops giving aids to China to prevent greater lose, but gets hatred from US civilians
• From 1949-1972, no one really traded with the PRC as they supported Chiang. Eventually the CCP called for the People’s Liberation Army (PLA)

October 1, 1949

Question 8

Republic of China (ROC)/ Taiwan

Answer 8

The KMT were going through internal problems, then with the remaining KMT, they fled to Taiwan and established the Republic of China. Until the 1970s, the ROC was seen as the official government of China, and gets a seat in the United Nation.

Question 9

Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance

Answer 9

Mao convinced Stalin, supported the CCP when they were surprised, the US didn’t know.
A diplomatic alliance between the USSR and China, but breaks with conflicts during the 60s.
Other impacts were economic problems like lack of food and resources, Soviet having nuclear bombs and China becoming a communist country.

Question 10

Joseph Stalin

Answer 10

The ruler of the USSR from the World Wars and during the creation of the PRC. Mao sees Stalin as the starter for communism, has respect for him.

died in 03/05/53–> Nikita Khrushchev next

Question 11

Harry Truman

Answer 11

The president of the US from the end of WWII and during the Civil War.

Question 12

Korean War

Answer 12

At the end of WWII, Korea was divided into the 38th Parallel, considered temporary until they fixed issues. Started a war by NK invading SK with the support of communist countries.
NK- Communist- Kim Il Sung (USSR supported and provided weapons, not exactly involved)
SK- Democratic/ Captalist (more like Non-Communist)- Syngman Rhee.

Both wanted to unify Korea

Question 13

“The Forgotten War”

Answer 13

Referring to the Korean War which lasted from 1950-1953.
UN- mainly the US helped to support South Korea. After three years, under an armistice, they ended hostilities but did not formally conclude war. There was no peace treaty signed, the Korean Peninsula still divided along the DMZ- demilitarized zone.

Question 14

38th Parallel

Answer 14

Korea still divided @ 38th parallel (DMZ)- Demilitarized Zone where it was 3 miles of wasteland, ready to fight. South Korea refused to sign it.

Question 15

Kim Il Sung- North Korea

Answer 15

The first communist leader of North Korea

Question 16

Syngman Rhee- South Korea

Answer 16

The first president of South Korea

Question 17

Gen Douglas MacArthur

Answer 17

Pacific Commander- military governor of Japan. Egotistical, popular, impulsive, racists, so many loved him. Considered as the troll and the hero of the Korean War.

Question 18

Battle of Inchon

Answer 18

A turning point of Korean War as the NK force pushing until the city of Pusan. MacArthur fights back and with ships, he goes to Inchon (city near the NK border) and cuts off the materials from delivering down, and gets a place in front line (MacArthur had a brilliant amphibious counter-attack, pushed North Korean troops back and retook South, crossing 38th Parallel)

Busan= Pusan

Question 19

Yalu River

Answer 19

MacArthur pushes his army until the Yalu River where Truman commands to stop and respect China. MacArthur ignores and threatens China with nuclear bomb to prevent them from entering the war. However, China proud with already having a bomb themselves, enters the war on 1950.

Question 20

General Matthew Ridgway

Answer 20

Because MacArthur did not listen to Truman, he was fired. He was very popular among the US citizens, as Truman receives hatred for his actions. MacArthur was replaced with Matthew Ridgway who wanted to focus on high morals and ending the war. He had launched a successful US counter-attack. Increased US morale and stabilized lines.

Question 21

Korean Armistice Agreement

Answer 21

After the election of 1952, Eisenhower gets elected and announces that he would visit Korea and negotiate with the North and South to fix the situaiton. This armistice stated that there will be no fighting between the two countries, but the war hasn’t stopped yet. There was no formal peace, just the two countries are divided. It also created higher tensions between US and China. Leading to the first Cold War.

Question 22

DMZ

Answer 22

Demilitarized Zones- it was 3 miles of wasteland, ready to fight. South Korea refused to sign it.

Question 23

PLA

Answer 23

People’s Liberation Army which was a Chinese military for the PRC.

They intervened with the chaos and violence caused by the Red Guards and helped established the revolutionary committees.

Question 24

Zhou Enlai

Answer 24

Right hand man of Mao, a premier and a more balanced communist

Question 25

Agrarian Reform Law (1950)

Answer 25

Was an economic reform that targeted to achieve economic growth, wanted guaranteed by CCP, took away lands of the rich and gave them out to the peasants, to produce more food. Popular reform that gave them properties but also for communism since it wiped out the landlords who were the highest people in the class pyramid.
Mao changes private ownership to socialism by taking away their own lands given back to the government. This was done by pressure, force, and propaganda.

Question 26

Collectivization

Answer 26

Moving from families with their own land to multiple families adding all their land to create bigger farms. To produce more food.

Question 27

5 Year Plan

Answer 27

A fast moving plan that wants China to modernize in 5 years. This did not work too well.

Question 28

Great Leap Forward

Answer 28

Worst famine, Mao’s disastrous attempt to transform China or PRC from an agrarian society to a socialist industrial society through forced industrialization and collectivization- most deadly communist campaign ever. The cause of this event was from Mao’s relationship with Khrushchev. Zhou and other officials takes the leadership from Mao and from then there were tensions between the USSR grew since China could not pay them back.

Question 29

People’s Communes

Answer 29

Core units of GLF, 26k Communes of 20k people each. Each produced food and small scale industries. large collective farming and production units established in China during the late 1950s, particularly under Mao Zedong’s Great Leap Forward initiative. The idea behind these communes was to promote collective ownership of land and resources, with the goal of rapidly increasing agricultural and industrial output. Life was strictly controlled, peasants worked, ate and lived collectively. Many hated them because there were no personal property, long hours and no incentives to work harder.

Question 30

Backyard Industries

Answer 30

Creation of small scale industries in the countryside especially steel furnances to boost output. Failure inefficient and most metals were unused.

Question 31

Mutual Defense Treaty (1954)

Answer 31

Between Taiwan (ROC) and the US where they defend each other when attacks come.

Question 32

Taiwan Strait Crises /Quemoy and Matsu

Answer 32

ROC and PRC does continue to fight even after the Civil War, but not to big. PRC attacks the islands of Quemoy and Matsu to block the two island to isolate them to mainland. However, US aids ROC with support and protects Taiwan (no fighting but threat). PRC draws back and this shows US’s commitment for Taiwan.

Question 33

Sino- Soviet Split

Answer 33

China and USSR starting to split away from each other.
- Mao and Khrushchev has a very different level of communism. Mao is extreme and Khrushchev is less.
- As Khrushchev builds relationship with US, Mao feels betrayed and doesn’t recognize him as a true communist.
- Boarder disputes, pull and push of land, but doesn’t do much.
- China asks for a nuclear bomb, but with Khrushchev having no faith in him, pulls back, making Mao angry.
Extreme hatred is built between the two and results international isolation for China.

Question 34

Nikita Khruschev

Answer 34

The new leader of USSR after Stalin’s death.
He has a less radical vievs of communism, does not get along with Mao.

Question 35

Cultural Revolution

Answer 35

Was a radical socio-political movement and a last kick of Mao before he dies to bring his ideal communism paradise and to reintroduce Marxism. By this movement,
China turns into full communist government.

Question 36

Class struggle

Answer 36

The peasants or the people who feel as if they aren’t respected with power goes on a revolution to over come. Very acceptable for the under class.

Question 37

The Pragmatists

Answer 37

These are the people who are against the ideologies of Mao, straying from the marxist ideologies. They were purged and got re-educated in countryside schools.

Question 38

May 16 Notification

Answer 38

Was like a declaration from Mao, saying their goal for revolution is to turn China into a class cautious country.

Question 39

The Four Olds

Answer 39

The belief of destroying the old regimes such as religions and old buildings of old ideas to move China forward.
Includes old customs, habits, ideas, and culture.

Question 40

May 7th Cadre School

Answer 40

When the people of the government were purged from being pragmatists, they were sent to these schools to be re-educated with Marxist ideas.

Question 41

Red Guards

Answer 41

Groups of youth who believed in Mao’s words religiously, attacked the intellectuals and destroyed relics. Their goal was to eliminate the enemies of CCP, was considered Mao’s driving force since he believed they were the key to transforming China into a communist country.

Question 42

Little Red Book

Answer 42

A book filled with quotations from Mao.
Because he couldn’t connect directly with the youth, this was used to give Mao’s effect on their daily life.

Question 43

Cult of Personality

Answer 43

Where people get brainwashed and believes more in the person more than their ideologies, worshiping Mao as their god more than their leader.

Question 44

Years of Chaos

After the Cultural Revolution

Answer 44

After the Cultural revolution, there were many intellectuals dying, with governors moving to re-educating schools. There were years of chaos where the government was weaken and CCP’s internal problems weren’t fixed. Many lost faith in moralistics and focused more on the materialism.

Question 45

Revolutionary Committees

Answer 45

As the Red Guard’s destruction escalated, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) sought a way to maintain order in cities (controlling them, preventing chaos) while dismantling the existing government. Revolutionary Committees were formed, consisting of various revolutionary groups, including the Red Guards, workers’ rebels, party cadres, and the PLA. With the party’s structure weakened, Mao relied on the military to restore stability, as violent factionalism hindered effective governance.

Question 46

Lin Biao/ Incident

Answer 46

An aircraft incident where he was killed in the air. Everyone abroad was dead. He was the vice chairman of CCP but accidentally went behind the back of Mao.