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History iGCSE: China > China 1911-34 > Flashcards

China 1911-34 Flashcards

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1
Q

How long had the Manchu Qings ruled China for in 1912?

A

268 years

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2
Q

Peasants under the Manchu Qings

A

> Made up 85% of society.
Believed that emperors had been selected by the mandate of heaven.
Strong belief in Confucianism.
Had to wear their hair in a traditional ‘Queue’, as a sign of obedience towards the Manchu Qings.

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3
Q

Foreign interference in Imperial China

A

> European countries had gained great influence in China by using force.
Opium Wars
‘Unequal Treaties’ gave foreign powers control of Chinese ports- called ‘Treaty Ports’ (50 of them).
‘Spheres of influence’ Gave power in certain places to outside countries.
Huge resentment towards foreigners.

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4
Q

First Opium War

A

> 1839-42

> British won and the Chinese were forced to continue buying opium from India.

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5
Q

Second Opium War

A

> 1860

> Anglo-Franco army attacked Beijing and burned down government buildings.

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6
Q

Japanese outside intrusion.

A

> 1894-5

> Japanese took Korea, Taiwan and Lushun.

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7
Q

Women in Imperial China

A

> Foot binding since the Song dynasty (960-1127)
2nd Class
Arranged Marriages. Upon marriage, a girl gave up her family and became a member of her spouses. Wive’s side of family less respected.
Very traditional role.

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8
Q

Long Term causes of 1911 rebellion.

A 
> Taiping Rebellion
> Foreign interference
> The Boxer Rebellion
> Lack of an industrial revolution
> Attempts at reforms failed
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9
Q

Short term causes of 1911 rebellion.

A

> 1911 harvest failed
Severe flooding of the Yangtze river (Mandate of Heaven)
Rapid population increase
Taxes were raised
Railways and infrastructure were being built by foreign countries.
Hankou bomb (1911)

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10
Q

The Taiping Rebellion

A

> 1851-64
Fertile land ruined, 600 cities destroyed, 20 million peasants killed.
Manchus only able to stop it with European help, which made them even more unpopular.

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11
Q

The Boxer Rebellion

A

> 1900
Led by the Yi Ho Tuan.
Blamed foreigners and Christians for all of their problems, and began to execute them.
Empress Cixi won them over by giving them her support.
Because of this, a six nation force invaded China and put down the rebellion.
Lost and China has to pay £67 million reparations.

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12
Q

The Hundred Days of Reform

A

> 1898
Introduced by Emperor Guangxu.
Introduced new colleges, schools and examination techniques.
Improved the budget
Dismissed corrupt officials.
Guangxu was imprisoned by Cixi and government officials and force to hand over power to her.

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13
Q

Consequences of China’s lack of an industrial revolution.

A

> Made China very isolated, with few trading partners.

> Emperors had been weakened and overtaken by foreign technological advances.

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14
Q

Unequal Treaties

A

> End of 1800’s
Gave foreign power more power in China.
Made them even more disliked by the Chinese populace.

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15
Q

September 1911

A

> Rebellion in Sichuan Province when police open fired on demonstrators.
Sun Yatsen travels there to provide help and spread the rebellion.

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16
Q

October 1911

A

> 10th October- Soldiers of the New Army in Wuchang join the rebellion.
Spreads and becomes a full scale revolution.
Hankou bomb explosion.

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17
Q

November 1911

A

> 15/18 provinces have joined the revolution.
General Yuan Shikai brought out of retirement to quell the rebellion. Made Commander in Chief and Prime minister.
However, switched sides to support the revolution.

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18
Q

Hankou Bombing

A

> October 1911

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19
Q

What happened to end the 1911 revolution?

A

> Sun Yatsen made a deal with Yuan Shikai, that if he forced Pu Yi to abdicate, he could become president of the republic.
Abdication of Pu Yi

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20
Q

Abdication of Pu Yi

A

12th February 1912.

21
Q

What happened during Yuan Shikai’s rule?

A

> 1913, elections held, but GMD won, so he dissolved it and ruled as a dictator.
Ruled for 4 years until he tried to declare himself emperor, at which point he lost the support of the army. Died later that year.

22
Q

Impacts of Yuan Shikai’s death.

A

> China broke into small warlord controlled provinces.
Peasants continued to suffer.
Boost in nationalist emotions.

23
Q

Warlord Period

A

1916-1927

24
Q

Yuan Shikai

A

> Celebrated Chinese military general.
First president of the Republic of China.
President from 1912-1916.

25
Q

GMD Formed

A

24th August 1912

26
Q

Sun Yatsen

A

> Leader of the GMD

> Died 1925 (cancer)

27
Q

CCP Formed

A

1st July 1921

28
Q

How were the CCP and GMD linked?

A

Sun Yatsen was involved in both.

29
Q

Why did the CCP and GMD become more popular in the 1920’s?

A

The warlords were unpopular, as they terrorised the populace.

30
Q

Principles of the GMD

A

Nationalism, Socialism and Democracy.

31
Q

Principles of the CCP

A

To reshape Chinese society to become more communist.

32
Q

Chiang Kai Shek

A

> Led the Republic of China between 1928-1975

> Leader of the GMD, took over from Sun Yatsen.

33
Q

Why did hatred of foreign powers grow during the warlord period?

A

Because it was the foreign powers that were backing the various warlords.

34
Q

Warlord’s impact on the peasants.

A 
> Peasantry highly taxed
> Mass inflation
> Drought 1918
> Famines 1920-21
> Industry grew rapidly in the cities.
35
Q

Causes of the May Fourth Movement

A

> During WW1. Japan had signed secret treaties to entice them into the conflict.
These treaties agreed that at the end of the war, Japan would be given Shandong province, which had earlier bee the German Sphere of Influence.

36
Q

Events of the May Fourth Movement.

A

> 3000 students gathered in Tiananmen Square to protest against the Japanese clauses in the treaty of Versailles.
The protesters attacked several government officials who had taken part in the signing of these clauses.
32 students were arrested.
There was unrest and discrimination against Japan, its people and its culture.
The students had to be released, 3 government ministers were sacked, and the Chinese Cabinet resigned.
The Chinese refused to sign the Treaty.

37
Q

Significance of the May Fourth Movement

A

> Beginning of new cultural ideas for the masses.

> Intellectuals had begun encouraging more western ideals of freedom.

38
Q

Mao Zedong

A

> 1893-1976

> Leader of the Communist Party

39
Q

Mao’s early role in the CCP

A

> Mao was a founding member of the CCP, but held very little power until the long march.

40
Q

Why was the First United Front Formed?

A

> Both parties wanted revolution, and this allowed them to work together to achieve their short term goal.
Both Parties were being backed by the Russians (one of the GMD’s three main principles was Socialism).

41
Q

When was the First United Front Formed?

A

1923

42
Q

The Northern Expedition

A

> 1926-28

> A mission by the First United Front to defeat the Warlords and reinstate a united China.

43
Q

Events of the Northern Expedition.

A

> Peasants welcomed the GMD armies, and believed that they would now be treated better.
Communists organised trade unions and helped dethrone the landlords.
Very little resistance as the Warlord’s armies had little enthusiasm, and some even mutinied and joined the GMD.

44
Q

Consequences of the Northern Expedition.

A

> It was successful, and by 1928 the first united front was in charge of Hangzou, Shanghai, Nanjing and Beijing.
A new Chinese government was to be set up in Nanjing.

45
Q

The Shanghai Massacre

A

> April 1927

> A violent suppression of the communist party by GMD forces.

46
Q

Causes of the Shanghai Massacre

A

> The CCP were very popular with the Chinese people.
Areas in Communist control had seen peasants rise up and attack their landlords, the GMD’s main supporters.
The Workers Army (controlled by Zhou Enlai) was too strong and posed a threat.
Common enemy had been removed.

47
Q

Events of the Shanghai Massacre

A

> Over 1000 Communists arrested, 300 killed.

> 5000 Communists ‘disappeared’.

48
Q

Where did the CCP flee to after the 1927 massacres?

A

> The largest group fled to the mountains in the province of Jiangxi.
There, Mao set up the Jiangxi Soviet and set up the Red Army which had 11,000 members by 1930.

History iGCSE: China (8 decks)

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