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GCSE History > China > Flashcards

China Flashcards

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1
Q

Who ruled China in the early 20th Century?

A

The Qing dynasty

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2
Q

What did the emperor of China follow?

A

The Mandate of Heaven

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3
Q

What was the mandate of heaven?

A

When the emperor believed fate had given them the authority to rule

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4
Q

By 1900, how many people did the emperor rule over?

A

300 million

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5
Q

What were the 4 main ethnic groups of China?

A

Han, Manchu, Mongol, Tibetan

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6
Q

What percent of the population was Han

A

90%

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7
Q

Which ethnic group ruled China

A

The Manchu’s

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8
Q

What ideology did China follow

A

Confucianism

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9
Q

Who were the Mandarins

A

Students of confucius. They took exams that allowed them advantages and rights

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10
Q

What was most of the population

A

Peasants

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11
Q

Who had the least rights

A

Women

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12
Q

When did the emperor start losing the mandate of heaven

A

The early 20th century

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13
Q

Which foreign powers had humiliated China

A

Britain, Japan, and France

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14
Q

How did Britain humiliate China

A

Britain gained wealth due to opium trade and victory in the opium wars

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15
Q

How did Japan humiliate China

A

Japan defeated China in a war in 1894 and took control of Korea

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16
Q

How did France humiliate China

A

France siezed territory in the south of China

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17
Q

Where did the Qing dynasty come from

A

Manchuria in north-east China

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18
Q

What helped the Qing’s keep power

A

The teachings of confucius (encouraged respect and acceptance of the political system)

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19
Q

What did the Qings do in the 19th century

A

Given foreign powers rights to exploit Chinas economic resources

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20
Q

What did foreign powers bring to China

A

Their technology (to change Chinas economy), Missionaries (to convert Chinese people to Christianity)

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21
Q

What did Chinese people refer to westerners as

A

Foreign Devils

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22
Q

What was the Boxer Uprising

A

An attack on westerners

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23
Q

When did the Boxer Uprising start

A

1899

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24
Q

Where did the Boxer Uprising take place

A

Shandong in northern China

25
Q

Where did the uprising spread to by 1900

A

3 of Chinas north-eastern provinces

26
Q

What caused the Boxer Uprising

A

Emperor Guangxu trying to modernise China, hatred for foreign devils, and Cixi’s encouragment for the attack of foreigners

27
Q

What was emperor Guangxu’s policy called

A

The hundred days reform

28
Q

Why did the hundred days reform policy end

A

Cixi opposed it - she and her supporters siezed control of the government and ended the reforms

29
Q

What happened in the late 1890’s

A

the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (Boxers) began attacking foreigners and Chinese christians

30
Q

Who were the boxers made up of

A

Mainly peasants

31
Q

Where did the boxer’s attacks begin

A

Shandong

32
Q

Where did the attacks spread to

A

Hebei, Shanxi, Henan, and Beijing

33
Q

Who did the boxers attack

A

Christian missionaries and foreigners

34
Q

What did the boxers do

A

Burned down churches, schools, and killed both foreign and Chinese christians

35
Q

What happened when the uprising spread to Beijing

A

The German ambassador was shot

36
Q

Where did the western population of China retreat to

A

The British legation

37
Q

How many days was the British legation surrounded by Boxers

A

55 days

38
Q

Who supported the Boxers

A

Empress Dowager Cixi

39
Q

What did western powers do

A

Raised an international force which broke the siege

40
Q

What happened to the boxers after the siege

A

They were executed in the streets

41
Q

What did Cixi and the emperor do

A

Disguised themselves and fled south to Xian

42
Q

What was an immediate effect of the uprising’s failure

A

the tightening of foreign control in China

43
Q

What was put into place after the uprising

A

A severe financial pentalty (£67 million in reparations to be paid over 39 years)

44
Q

What did westerners insist on after the uprising

A

The destruction of China’s military fortifications and arsenals of weapons

45
Q

How many soldiers were executed after the uprising

A

10

46
Q

What happened around Beijing due to the uprising

A

Foreign soldiers were permanently placed around Beijing

47
Q

What happened in 1902

A

Cixi and the emperor were allowed to return to Beijing (however their authority was severely damaged)

48
Q

What did Cixi allow to try and save the reputation of the royal house

A

A series of reforms

49
Q

Why were Cixi’s reforms pointless

A

The damaged to the royal house after the Boxer Uprising was impossible to amend. (too little too late)

50
Q

What did Cixi’s reform’s failure lead to

A

The 1911 revolution and the fall of the Qing dynasty

51
Q

What were Cixi’s new reforms inspired by

A

The self-strenghtening movement

52
Q

When did the self-strengthening movement begin

A

In the 1860’s

53
Q

What was the purpose of Cixi’s self-strengthening reforms

A

To learn from foreigners, to copy their sciences and technology, and to apply it in exploiting China’s resources

54
Q

What did Cixi believe about the self-strengthening reforms

A

She believed that the reforms would re-establish China’s power and save the Qing dynasty

55
Q

When were the reforms put into place

A

from the years 1902-11

56
Q

What problems led to the 1911 revolution

A

Weak government, failure for political reforms, consequences of army reform, spread of revolutionary ideas, growing resentment over control of China’s railways

57
Q

Why did a weak government lead to the 1911 revolution

A

In november 1908, Guangxu and Cixi died. The new emperor (Puyi) was 2 years old. Prince Chun ruled as regent and tried to save the dynasty by continuing Cixi’s reforms. However, Chun was inexperienced and could not provide a strong government

58
Q

Why did the failure for political reforms lead to the 1911 revolution

A

They were too little and too late. The limits placed on provincial assemblies (0.4% of the population had the right to vote) led to calls for faster reform, and the failure of the government to do this increased support for revolution

59
Q
A

GCSE History (4 decks)

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