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South America > Chile > Flashcards

Chile Flashcards

1
Q

What is Pais?

Synonyms?

Can Pais appear on a DO label?

A

The most planted grape of Chile up until the 21st century.

Chilean synonym for the Mission grape (Listán Prieto)/Criolla Chica

Pais can NOT appear on a DO label.

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2
Q

What mountain range seperated Chile from the rest of South America?

A

Andes (The world’s longest continental(above ground) mountain range)

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3
Q

Approximately how much area does viticulture occupy Chile?

A

800 coastal miles with most major regions of production south of the capital city Santiago.

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4
Q

What are the 6 VR (Viticultural Regions) of Chile? (N-S)

A 
Atacama DO
Coquimbo DO
Aconcagua DO
The Valle Central DO(Central Valley)
Sur DO(the Southern Regions)
Austral Region DO "O-strowl (like owl)"(new area at the southern-most limit of grapegrowing
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5
Q

Where is most Pisco production grown?

A

Atacama and Coquimbo are dry and desert-like (grapes historically destined for Pisco production.)

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6
Q

What are the two cooling factors that make the Central Valley most suitable for fine wine production?

A

Proximity to the Andes cools nighttime temperatures and near the coast the cold maritime Humboldt Current cools the vines.

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7
Q

What is the climate in the southern most area of viticulture in Chile?

A

Rainfall is higher and the overall growing season is cooler and shorter.

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8
Q

What is the Chilean wine law and when was it established?

A

1995 (DO system advent in 1994), established the and what is the 75% rule: the vintage, varietal, and DO must, if listed on the bottle, must comprise a minimum 75% of the blend. Many wineries observe an 85% minimum for all three categories, in order to comply with the EU standards.

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9
Q

What is the minimum alcohol content of all Chilean wine?

A

11.5%

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10
Q

Label terms permitted for Chilean DO wines

A

Reserva min 12%
Reserva Especial 12%; mandatory time in oak

Reserva Privada min 12.5%
Gran Reserva min 12.5%, mandatory time in oak

Gran Vino
Selección
Superior

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11
Q

What was the most planted red grape in Chile before the 21st century?

What is the most planted red grape presently?

A

Pais (can not currently appear on a DO label)- red Pais may almost appear Italian: high in tannin, yet very light in color.

Most planted now is Cabernet

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12
Q

What is the northernmost winegrowing region in Chile?

DOs/subregions within the region?

A

Atacama

—Valle de Copiapó DO and Valle del Huasco DO

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13
Q

What is the highest peak of the Andes?

A

Aconcagua (23,000 ft/7000m). This is what the wine region is named after.

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14
Q

What type of soil is generally found in Aconcagua?

A

Alluvial

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15
Q

What are the three DOs/subregions of Aconcagua? (N-S)

Where are they located?

A

—Aconcagua DO (On the coast and wrapping North/NW of Santiago)
—Casablanca DO (most prominent zone in Aconcagua; South of the subzone of Aconcagua; on the coast and west of Maipo)
—San Antonio DO (south of Casablanca; on the coast and west of Maipo)

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16
Q

Prominent producer in Aconcagua?

A

Errázuriz “Ear-rah-sue-reez”, one of Chile’s most prominent estates and winemaking families. Located in Panquehue (north of Santiago), which experiences more of a moderate climate, compared to the rest of Aconcagua Valley.

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17
Q

What is the climate of Casablanca?

Styles are they known for?

A

Developed at a rapid rate in the 1990s. First of Chile’s coastal-influenced wine regions and added fresh, crisp, and fruity Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, and Pinot Noir to the country’s wine palette.

  • *Much of Casablanca is so close to the sea; cool breezes lower afternoon temps by as much as 18 degrees, which, with the valley’s mild winters, makes Casablanca’s growing season up to a month longer than most Central Valley vineyards.
  • *Spring frost is a perennial threat, not unknown for vineyards on the frost-prone open valley floor to suffer frost a week before harvest; water shortage makes antifrost sprinklers a luxury. The naturally low-vigor vines are also prey to nematodes, so vines have to be grafted on to resistant rootstocks. Growing costs are higher here than elsewhere.
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18
Q

What are the four sub zones of San Antonio?
Climate?
Styles?
Major producers?

A

Leyda DO (is its own DO within San Antonio)
Lo Abarca
Rosario
Malvilla

  • Even more subject to cool, damp ocean influence than Casablanca.
  • San Antonio is predominantly a white wine region, with Pinot Noir also showing promising results. More recently Syrah has emerged as one of modern Chile’s strongest suits.
  • Major Producers: Matetic, Viña Leyda, Casa Marin
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19
Q

What is Chile’s oldest and most established wine region?

A

Central Valley DO.

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20
Q

What are the DO subregions of Central Valley N-S (4)

A

—Maipo “my-po” Valley: hottest climate and smallest of the Central Valley
—Rapel Valley (Cachapoal and Colchagua)
—Curicó (slightly more temperate; irrigation less likely a necessity)
—Maule “MOWL-lay” Valley.- Mainly bulk wine meant for local consumption; Chile’s oldest wine region.

**Maipo, Rapel, and Maule on named after rivers that cross the central plain

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21
Q

What is the classic wine making region for Cabernet Sauvignon in Chile?

A

The warm Maipo Valley. Over 50% of the region’s more than 10,000 hectares are devoted to the grape.

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22
Q

Where are most of Chile’s wine houses established?

A

Maipo Valley due to its proximity to Santiago.

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23
Q

Who is Chile’s largest producer? What two producers dominate domestic consumption?

A
  • Concha y Toro, with over 9000 ha of vines spread throughout Chile and Argentina.
  • Santa Rita and San Pedro (and associated brands)
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24
Q

Who makes “Almaviva” and what is it?

A

A joint winery project between Baron Philippe de Rothschild (Mouton-Rothschild) and Concha y Toro located within Puente Alto in Maipo Valley, Chile

**Cabernet Sauvignon, Carmenere, Cab Franc. Sometimes also Merlot and Petit Verdot.

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25
Q

Who makes Seña and what is it?

A

Wine was made in a joint collaboration between Robert Mondavi and Eduardo Chadwick of Viña Errázuriz in 1995. The 2001 bottling won second place at the Berlin Tasting of 2004 behind 2000 Viñedo Chadwick.

  • -Since 2005 Seña has been fully been the personal project of Eduardo Chadwick without Mondavi influence.
  • *an authenic blend made from Cab Sauv, Carmenere, Merlot, Cab Franc, and Petite Verdot. Carmenere adds “an evident Chilean personality to the wine”
  • sourced from Seña Hillside vineyards within the Aconcagua Valley, grown according to bio-dynamic principles; currently produced at Errázuriz’s Don Maximiano Estate winery in the Aconcagua Valley.
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26
Q

Who makes “Sol de Sol” and what is it?

A

Bottling (Chardonnay and Pinot Noir) from Viña Aquitania in Malleco DO in the region of Sur. Viña Aquitania is a joint collaboration between Bruno Prats (former owner of Château Cos d’Estournel) and Paul Pontallier (current managing director of Château Margaux) launched in 1990.

***After tasting impressive cool-climate wines in New Zealand, Felipe de Solminihac wondered why they couldn’t also plant vines in the unexplored south of Chile. In 1993, he pioneered the Malleco Valley with his first vines of Chardonnay, and today Sol de Sol has grown to be the benchmark for both cool climate, age-worthy Chardonnay and Pinot Noir from Chile.

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27
Q

Who makes “Viñedo Chadwick”?
What is it?
Where is it from?

A

Errázuriz’s Cabernet Sauvignon. It is from the sub-region of Puento Alto in Maipo Valley. The 2000 Viñedo Chadwick” wine took first place at the 2004 Berlin tasting beating Lafite, Margaux, Latour, Tignanello, Sassicaia, and Solaia.

**Homage to Eduardo Chadwick’s father planted in front of the house where he grew up: 93% Cab Sauv, 3% Cab Franc, 4% Carmenere.

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28
Q

What are the two DOs/subregions of Rapel Valley DO?
Where are each located within Rapel?
DOs within subregions?

A
  • -Cachapoal DO “CA-chop-a-wall” (in the north)
  • Entre Cordilleras: Rancagua, Peumo, Coltauco
  • Andes: Requínoa, Rengo, Machalí
  • -Colchagua DO (in the south); currently more fashionable?
  • Costa: Lolol, Litueche, Paredones, Pumanque
  • Entre Cordilleras: Nancagua, Santa Cruz, Palmilla, Peralillo, Marchigüe, La Estrella
  • Andes: San Fernando, Chimbarongo

**Cachapoal and Colchagua are names more often found on labels than even Rapel (which tends to be reserved for blends from both regions)

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29
Q

What grape is Rapel Valley most known for?

A

Carmenère

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30
Q

Where would one find Casa Lapostolle’s “Clos Apalta” and Viña Montes “Alpha M,” Bordeaux-style blends as well as Viña Montes “Purple Angel,” one of Chile’s highest-profile Carmenères?

A

In Apalta located in Eastern Colchagua.

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31
Q

What are the two subregions Curicó?

A
  • Lontué (often mentioned on wine labels)

- Teno

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32
Q

Who brought Curico international recognition in 1979?

How?

A

Miguel Torres set up his Chilean operation in the late 1979. (Coincidentally, the same year that Baron Philippe de Rothschild struck deal wth Robert Mondavi)

As he had in Spain, Torres introduced new technologies like temperature-controlled, stainless steel fermentation tanks, new barriques, and pneumatic presses to the country.

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33
Q

What grape is Maule and the initiative VIGNO slowly becoming recognized for?
What are the requirements?

A

Old-vine Carignan

  • Until recently, most Maule grapes disappeared into big company blends labelled Central Valley, but Vigno is an admirable initiative, an informal appellation designed to showcase old-vine Maule Carignan.
  • *14 producers:

Requirements:

1) Min 30 year old vines
2) Min 85% Carignan
3) Min 2 years aging
4) Dry-farmed
5) Cabeza (bush vine training)
6) VIGNO must be the largest type on the bottle

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34
Q

What are the three DO’s of Southern Regions (Sur) DO?

A

Itata, Bío Bío, and the southernmost Malleco

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35
Q

What are the most planted varieties in the Itata and Bio Bio?

Malleco?

A

Muscat de Alexandria and Pais in Itata and Bio Bio (Cinsault is gaining recognition in Itata)

Malleco is just a few hectares of Pinot Noir and Chardonnay

36
Q

What do the following three geographic terms mean in Chile?

How does one qualify for these terms?

Costa
Enter Cordilleras
Andes

A

These are label designations, which signify the proximity of a vineyard to the coast or to the mountains.

—Costa- Coast
—Enter Cordilleras “between mountains” describes the valley areas between the coastal range and the Andes
—Andes- Mountains
***In order for a wine to qualify for one of the new designations, at least 85% of the grapes must be harvested in the appropriate region.

37
Q

What two mountains ranges flank Central Valley?

A

Andes Mountains on the east and Costal Mountains (Cordilleras de la Costa) on the west.

38
Q

What DO is directly south of Santiago?

A

Maipo Valley, the smallest, warmest, and most northerly of the sub-regions of Central Valley.

39
Q

What DO area is known for Chili’s most premium red wines?

What are the soils of this sub-region?

3 premium wines coming from said sub-region.

A

Chile’s most premium red wines issue from the DO area of Puente Alto; this is where the vineyards creep up the Andean foothills and the mountain influence is most keenly felt. Chilly mornings and poor soils=Chile’s most admired Cabernets

Gravel soils; perfectly suited to Cabernet Sauvignon

Concha y Toro’s “Don Melchor”
Errázuriz’s “Viñedo Chadwick” (Viñedo=vineyard)
Concha y Toro + Baron Rothschild “Almaviva”

Others: Domus Aurea, Casa Real (Santa Rita’s top bottling), and Haras de Pirque

40
Q

Who is the father of Chilean wine?

Who are the other founding fathers?

Who was the first to export in 1903?

A

Silvestre Ochagavía fonded Chile’s first modern winery in 1851, Viña Ochagavía.

Other “founding fathers” of Chile’s modern wine industry emerged in the late 1800s.

Cousiño Macul in 1856
Viña San Pedro in 1865
Viña Errázuriz in 1870
Santa Carolina in 1875
Santa Rita in 1880
Concha y Toro in 1883
Undurraga in 1885. (First Chilean producer to export to the US in 1903)

All share a fairly similar origin story: wealth born in the rapidly expanding mining industry of the 19th century, a desire to mirror French “château” culture, and an influential political career.

41
Q

What are the 5 geographic sectors of Chile?

A 
Norte Grande
Norte Chico
Zona Central
Zona Sur
Zona Austral
42
Q

What are the three basic climates regions for winegrowing in Chile?

A

Norte Chico, the climate is hot and arid

Zona Central, it is warm and Mediterranean

Zona Sur, the climate turns cool, rainy, and maritime.

Atacama (Region III, Norte Chico)
Coquimbo (Region IV, Norte Chico)
Valparaíso (Region V, Zona Central)
Santiago (Región Metropolitan, Zona Central)
O’Higgins (Region VI, Zona Central)
Maule (Region VII, Zona Central)
Bío Bío (Region VIII, Zona Sur)
La Araucanía (Region IX, Zona Sur)
Los Lagos (Region X, Zona Sur)

-the names of Chile’s geographic sectors do not necessarily correspond to DO viticultural regions of the same name

43
Q

What is the Humboldt Current and what direction does it go?

A

A cold-water ocean current that flows northward up the coast. The current cools the air passing over it, limiting precipitation and contributing to an inversion layer that traps colder air near the earth’s surface.

-moderates climate up and down the country’s coastline, keeping overall average temperatures milder than in the inland valleys and suppressing diurnal shifts.

44
Q

How do Chile’s rivers help in grape growing?

A

Rivers find gaps in the Coastal Range and provide conduits for cooling sea breezes to sweep inland, dissipating coastal morning fogs and bringing relief in hot summers.

45
Q

What grape was Carmenère thought to be until 1994? List three reasons it is different from said grape?

A

Merlot

  • It ripens more than a month later than Merlot, its cluster is tighter, and its leaves turn a deep red in the autumn.
  • Carmenère is a more difficult grape to graft—this is one of the chief reasons it disappeared in native France after the arrival of phylloxera but thrives in Chile.
  • Both grapes like humid clay soils, but Carmenère needs much warmer sites overall (and the promise of dry weather through mid-May) to ripen successfully.
46
Q

What is the progeny of Carmenère?

Synonym?

A

Cabernet Franc and Gros Cabernet
Synonym= Grand Vidure (or Gross Vidure)

Gros Cabernet=obscure offspring of Fer and the Basque grape Hondarribi Beltza, it itself a “grandson” of Cab Franc.

47
Q

What is the purpose of leaf removal for Carmenère?

A

Pyrazine levels in the grape reach their peak at véraison and decrease as harvest nears, a process quickened by sunlight. Therefore Carmenère is usually harvested in May, two or three weeks after Cabernet Sauvignon, and winemakers often try to maximize light exposure by pulling leaves around the fruit clusters. But Carmenère struggles to retain acid too, and the wine’s natural pH is usually 0.1-0.2 higher than Cabernet Sauvignon or Merlot. So the wait for pyrazines to reduce through ripening becomes a race against time.

48
Q

Name three varietal bottlings of Carmenère

Name two blends, where Carmenère is a significant blending component.

A

1) Errázuriz’s “Kai”
2) Concha y Toro’s “Carmín de Peumo” (Peumo itself, a DO area in Cachapoal, might just be the best single location for Carmenère in Chile.)
3) Vina Montes “Purple Angel” (actually has small % of Petite Verdot)

Clos Apalta and Almaviva feature it as a significant blending component.

49
Q

What is Vino Pipeño?

A

Inexpensive, occasionally fizzy, often very fresh wine made from Pais. Best chilled and sometimes made from 100, 200, or 300 year old Pais vines.

Vino Pipeño is similar in flavor and sweetness to grapes from parish wines, as both come from young grapes. The drink is usually served with meats and typical dishes of the traditional Chilean home.

Its short fermentation and aging processes give Vino Pipeño an opaque and very intense brown hue.

50
Q

What are the subregions of Coquimbo?

What grapes are prominent within the regions?

A

—Elqui: Syrah is gaining attention in the cool, high-altitude vineyards
—Limarí’s limestone soils and cooler climate on the coast are proving to be a match for Chardonnay.
—Choapa, is located in a narrow area to the south, where the Andes and Coastal Mountains converge.

51
Q

Who brought the first french grape vine cuttings to Chile and when?

A

Claude Gay, a French-born naturalist working in Chile in the 1830’s. Planted them in Santiago’s Quinta Normal agricultural station in order to study their adaptability to Chilean climate and soil.

52
Q

What is MOVI?

Name two producers that are members.

A

Movimiento de Vinateros Independientes

  • “An association of small quality-oriented Chilean wineries who come together to make wine personally, on a human scale”
  • In a country dominated by massive wineries, with MOVI member wineries, the owner and the winemaker are likely one in the same
  • Inclusion is less a signal of winery style and more an indicator of size and personal attention to the day-to-day affairs of making wine.

Wineries amongst members-Garage Wine Co., Montsecano, Von Siebenthal, Sigla, Kingston Family, and Garcia + Schwaderer

53
Q

What climate event effects the offshore current near Chile?

A

El Niño, weather phenomenon caused by a weakening and warming of the Humboldt Current. It occurs irregularly every few years, and its effects can last for a year or more. Pacific Ocean surface temperatures warm off the coasts of Chile and Peru, devastating fish populations and increasing rainfall dramatically in the arid regions of both countries.

54
Q

What is Chile’s most heavily planted DO?

A

Rapel Valley DO

55
Q

Although phylloxera does not effect roots in Chile, this viral effects vines in the Valle de Casablanca

A

Nematodes

56
Q

What trellising system helped increase the quality of viticulture in Chile?

A

VSP

57
Q

What two rivers meet to form the Rapel Reservoir?

A

Cachapoal river

Tinguiririca river

58
Q

What five grapes are used for Chilean Pisco making?

A 
Moscatel
Moscatel Rosado
Moscatel de Austria
Torontel
Pedro Gimennez
59
Q

What commune of Aconcagua DO is home to the much acclaimed Errazuriz estate?

A

Panquehue “pan-KAY-way”, experiences a more moderate climate than the rest of Aconcagua DO.

60
Q

What is in a Pisco Sour?

What is the difference between a Peruvian and a Chilean Pisco Sour?

A 
Pisco Sour
2 oz Pisco
1 oz lime/lemon juice
3/4 oz simple syrup
1 Egg White
1 dash Angostura

Chilean does not contain egg whites or bitters and is usually served in a flute.

61
Q

What is the difference between Peruvian and Chilean Pisco?

A

There is not a lot of debate over the better producer of Pisco—most Chileans admit, readily, that the Peruvian spirit is finer stuff. Peruvian Pisco is made in smaller quantities and is typically more aromatic; Chilean Pisco is a bit neutral and mass-engineered.

62
Q

What is Piscola?

A

Pisco and Coke-is the preferred cocktail for young Chileans, not the Pisco Sour.

63
Q

What kinda of grapes are forbidden by Chilean law?

A

Hybrids

64
Q

What are the three DOs/subregions of Coquimbo DO?

A

Elqui DO “EL-key”
Limari DO “LEE-marie”
Choapa DO “Cho-OP-ah”

65
Q

What is the highest growing region in Chile?

A

Valle de Elqui in Coquimbo

66
Q

Is cold maceration used on Carmenere?

A

Very rarely, fermentation temperatures often run hot to reduce bitterness and soften its tannic intensity.

67
Q

Which mountain range provides a rain shadow for most of Chile’s winegrowing regions?

A

Chilean Coastal Range

68
Q

What is Chile’s most planted white grape?

A

Chardonnay

69
Q

What historic event happened in the early 1990s which lead to Chile opening up to foreign investment?

A

Fall of Pinochet in 1990

70
Q

Name of the Jesuit priest is credited with introducing the first grapes, likely Pais, to the region that is now Chile in 1548?

A

Francisco de Carabantes

71
Q

Where is Peumo?

What is the top grape?

A

Peumo is in Cachapoal, in Rapel, in the Valle Central.

**might just be the best single location for Carmenère in Chile.

72
Q

What is the Camanchaca?

A

Early morning dense, cool morning fog that creeps into the coastal regions of Chile

73
Q

What is the terroir difference between San Antonio and Casablanca?

A
  • San Antonio: more calcareous soil and closer to ocean

- Casablanca: Clay and sandy soils further from the ocean, higher in elevation (900-1300 feet)

74
Q

Why does Cabernet thrive in Maipo Valley?

A

Cabernet thrives on the well-drained, low slopes of the Andes

75
Q

Valley Altair and Anakena are producers in which region?

A

Cachapoal

76
Q

Where can one find Terra Rossa soils in Chile?

A

Limari

77
Q

What subregion are the Talinay Hills located in?

A

Limari

78
Q

Where are the Claro, Tutuven, and Loncomilla Valleys located in?

A

Maule

79
Q

What DO are the Sagrada Familia, Rauco, Romeral, and Molina located in?

A

Curico

80
Q

What DO are Marchigüe, Lolol, and San Fernando located in?

A

Colchagua

81
Q

What is Mosto Verde?

A

Pisco produced from partially fermented must, considered superior

82
Q

What is “Grand Vidule”?

A

An 18th century Bordelais peasant name for Merlot *synonym for Merlot (the grape originally confused with Carmenere plantings)

83
Q

What is pergola training called in Chile?

A

Parron

***Sometimes seen as Parral but more often in Argentina.

84
Q

Who founded ‘Antiyal’ in Maipo, the first “garagiste” wine in Chile?

A

Alvaro Espinoza

85
Q

Who was the first to bottle Carmenere as a single variety?

A

Alvaro Espinoza at Viña Carmen in Maipo

86
Q

This river runs through Colchagua and brings clear meltwater down from the Andean peaks

A

Tinguiririca

South America (4 decks)

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