Children's health and health promotion Flashcards
What is health promotion?
Any planned activity designed to enhance health or prevent disease.
Overarching principle/activity which enhances health and includes disease prevention, health education and health protection. It may be planned or opportunistic
What factors can health be affected by?
Which of these can be affected by health promotion?
■Genetics,
■Access,
■Environment and
■Lifestyle.
- Access, environment and lifestyle
Please explain the educational theory of health promotion:
Provides knowledge and education to enable necessary skills to rate informed choices re health – may be menone –to-one group workshop
e.g. smoking, diet, diabetes
Please explain the socieconomic theory of health promotion:
‘Makes healthy choice the easy choice’
National policies e.g. re unemployment, redistribute income.
Please explain the psychological theory of health promotion:
Complex relationship between behaviour, knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. Activities start from an individual attitude to health and readiness to change. Emphasis on whether individual is ready to change. (e.g. smoking, alcohol).
What is the defintion of health education:
Activity involving communication with individuals or groups aimed at changing knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and behaviour in a direction which is conducive to improvements in health.
What is the definition of health protection:
Involves collective activities directed at factors which are beyond the control of the individual. Health protection activities tend to be regulations or policies, or voluntary codes of practice aimed at the prevention of ill health or the positive enhancement of well-being.
What is empowerment and what are the benefits of this?
- Refers to the generation of power in those individuals and groups which previously considered themselves to be unable to control situations nor act on the basis of their choices.
- It results in a number of benefits –
- An ability to resist social pressure.
- An ability to utilise effective coping strategies when faced by an unhealthy environment.
- A heightened consciousness of action.
What are challenges to successful health promotion?
Cynical doctors
Poor evaluation of previous health promotion
What is the cycle of change?
When is it useful?
- Used when someone is trying to break an addiction
- Or to try and quit something - smoking
What are some examples of health promotion?
Primary care:
Planned – Posters, Chronic disease clinics, vaccinations, QOF
Opportunistic – Advice within surgery, smoking, diet, taking BP
Government:
Legislation – Legal age limits, Smoking ban, Health and safety, Clean air act, Highway code
Economic – Tax on cigarettes and alcohol
Education – HEBS: posters
What is primary prevention?
Measures taken to prevent onset of illness or injury
Reduces probability, severity
e.g. smoking cessation
What is the vaccination regime for children?
2 MONTHS (D)Diphtheria, (T)Tetanus, (aP)acellular pertussis, (IPV) Inactivated Polio Vaccine, (Hib) H.influenzae type b and (PCV) Pneumococcal Vaccine.
3 MONTHS D,T,aP, IPV, Hib & Men C
4 MONTHS D,T, aP, IPV, Hib PCV & Men C
12 MONTHS Hib & Men C
13 -15 MONTHS MMR & PCV
3.4 YEARS TO 5 YRS D,T, aP, IPV, MMR
13-18 YEARS T, d (low dose diphtheria) IPV, (plus MMR x2 and Men C x1 if not had)
18-24 years Men C if not had already
65 onwards Annual ‘Flu vaccine and PVC (once)
Girls aged 12-13 Cervarix x3 (day 1, 4 weeks later and 6 months later
What is secondary prevention?
“Detection of a disease at an early (preclinical) stage in order to cure, prevent, or lessen symptomatology”
Earliest opportunity is when a disease becomes evident or detectable. Ends when disease becomes symptomatic.
What is Wilson’s criteria for screening?
Illness – important, natural history understood, pre-symptomatic stage
Test – easy, acceptable, cost effective, sensitive and specific
Treatment – acceptable, cost effective, better if early
What needs included in a letter inviting someone to a screening session?
- Do they mention risks vs benefits? Informed consent
What is tertiary prevention?
“measures to limit distress or disability caused by disease”
What is notable different about old/v young people compared with general adults?
Homeostatis
How can establishment of a healthy lifestyle benefit lifelong health?
- Growth and development fuelled by food
- Scotland has the highest incidence of premature death due to heart disease
- High saturated fats and low fruit and veg are important factors in this
What is the role of parenting in lifelong health?
- Habits and lifestyles established in adolescence
- Smoking is more than twice as likely if your parents smoke
- Neglect and abuse recur.
What are the common reasons for a child seeing their GP/Health Visitor?
Feeding problems (new babies especially) pyrexia, URTI, coughs/colds, rashes, otalgia, sore throat, vomiting +/- diarrhoea, abdominal pains, behavioural problems (older infants and will depend on area / parent(s) situation).
What are the important aspects of these consultations with young children?
(Listening, watching, observing, examining properly, putting child at ease as well as parent / guardian, be seen to take it seriously, parental understanding, explain in clear language what your thinking is and plans are. [So introducing the Cambridge-Calgary model] Ethnic issues, language issues, referring if necessary, reporting if necessary [child protection issues])
Why might parents bring their child to the GP?
They might well be correct, someone else urging them to act, anxiety re a normal illness, inexperience, single parent with no support, parenting difficulty manifesting as child illness, parent depression / anxiety, social issues, child presenting to them with difficult symptoms to interpret, child abuse by a partner
What measures can the GP take to be sure of what is happening to the child?
Listen, observe, read the notes of child and parent(s), examine properly, explain clearly what you are thinking / doing, discuss with other Health Professionals, review, ‘open door’ policy, reassure appropriately, investigate appropriately, refer appropriately, care re over- investigating, no dogmatic statements
