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Vaccinations > Childhood vaccinations > Flashcards

Childhood vaccinations Flashcards

1
Q

At what age is the MMR given?

A

two doses:
1st dose @ 1yr
2nd dose @ 3 years and 4 months

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2
Q

what vaccinations contain porcine gelatine, and is there any alternatives?

A

MMR
influenza spray
shingles

for MMR - priorix is available
for shingles - no alternative
for influenza spray- jab can be given instead (but this is not as effective in children) hence only given if child is deemed high risk for complications from influenza infections

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3
Q

When should the influenza spray be delayed?

A

If child has a fever

If child has a severely blocked or runny nose (prevents the vaccine from being absorbed)

If they’re wheezy (postponed for three days until wheeze free)

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4
Q

Which children cannot receive the influenza spray?

A

if they have severe asthma (controlled by oral steroids or high dose ICS)
If severe egg allergy
if neomycin allergy
weakened immune system

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5
Q

What are the live vaccines?

A 
MMR 
BCG
ORAL polio
Yellow fever 
shingles 
chicken pox 
influnzae spray 
rotavirus
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6
Q

which vaccines contain egg peptides

A

MMR and influenza spray

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7
Q

what is an adjuvant?

A

this is an alumminum based compound, which can be added to vaccines to boost the response of the immune system. this means that a lower dose of the antigen can be used, and less doses

aluminium @high doses can be harmful, but no evidence of harm at the doses used for those vaccines

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8
Q

what does the hexavalent vaccine contain?

A

DTaP/IPV/HiB/HepB

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9
Q

when is the HPV vaccine given

A

12-13 years (girls only)

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10
Q

what is the routine vaccination for Tetanus?

A

five shots to give life-long immunity

given at 8,12 and 16 weeks as part of hexavalent vaccine

given at 3 years and 4 months as part of the pre-school 4 in 1 booster (DTaP/IPV)

given at 14 years as part of the 3 in 1 booster: Td/IPV

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11
Q

what vaccines can be given with MMR?

A

at 1 year: MenB, PCV, Hib/MenC

at 3 years 4 months: DTaP/IPV

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12
Q

what meningitis protecting vaccines are given?

A

MenB @ 8wks and 16wks and 1 year
Hib/MenC @ 1 year
13-14 years: Men ACWY

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13
Q

how many doses of the PCV are given in total, and when?

A

three doses in total at 8wks, 16wks and 1 year

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14
Q

what type of vaccine is the rotavirus, and when is it given?

what is the risk of this vaccine?

A

this is a live vaccine given at 8wks and 12wks

small risk of intuccesption

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15
Q

what precautions should be given with the hexavalent vaccine?

A

do not give if child has fever
if child has uncontrolled epilepsy
if child has had previous hx of anaphylaxis

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16
Q

what vaccinations are given at 8wks?

A

Hexavalent vaccine, Rotavirus, MenB and PCV

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17
Q

what vaccinations are given at 14 yrs

A

the 3in1 booster Td/IPV and menACWY

HPV for girls @ 13

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18
Q

what vaccinations are given at 1 year?

A

MMR, MenB, Hib/menC, PCV

19
Q

what vaccinations are given at 12 wks?

A

Hexavalent and rotavirus

20
Q

what vaccinations are given at 16wks?

A

hexavalent, PCV and MenB

21
Q

what vaccine is given from the ages of 2-8?

A

live nasal influenza

22
Q

what vaccine is given at 3 years and 4 months

A

the 4 in 1 booster: DTaP/IPV and MMR

23
Q

what vaccines should be given during pregnancy

A

inactivated influenza shot and pertussis. (dTaP/IPV)

we also test for HepB carriage, incase child needs to be vaccinated

24
Q

when should the pertussis vaccine be given to pregnant females?

A

16-32 wks for maximal passive immunity transference

25
Q

how long should a female wait before getting pregnant if taken MMR?

A

should wait about 4wks, because of risk of transmitting an infection to the foetus from the live vaccine

26
Q

can the MMR vaccine be given before 1 year?

A

we start at 1 year, because thats when passive immunity (from mother weans) hence vaccine more effective
but if there has been an outbreak, can be given between 6-to-9months to protect child, but then child will be vaccinated again according to the national programme.

if theres an outbreak before the child’s second dose, then the second dose maybe moved closer to the first - to protect the child

27
Q

what vaccines are given to high risk children, and when are they given?

A

BCG - at birth

HepB - at birth, 4wks and 12 months

28
Q

which vaccinations are provided to the older population?

A

PPV (pneumococcal vaccine) @ 65
flu jab annually after 65
shingles (one off), but not after 80

29
Q

what determines whether or not a vaccine becomes routine in the UK?

A

whether it reaches a cost-effective threshold (whether economical or QALY)

30
Q

how many doses of diphtheria are required for life-long immunity?

A

5 doses are required, but reduced dose from 10 yrs (hence the teen booster the 3in1 is denotaed by little d)

there’s no upper age limit to when it can be given

given as hexavalent at 8,12 and 16wks
given at 3 years and 4 months
given at 14 years

31
Q

what protection does the MMR vaccine offer?

A

highest protection from rubella, then measles and the mumps is the least- with weaning off immunity

32
Q

which vaccines are conjugate vaccines?

A

HiB. MenC, MenACWY and pneumococcal

33
Q

what type of vaccine is polio?

A

this is an inactivated vaccine
it is only available in combination
no upper age limit
and 5 doses are required for life-long immunity

34
Q

what is the WHO target for immunisations

A

95% uptake for vaccines

35
Q

what factors increase the risk of partial immunisation?

A 
single parents 
large family size 
disadvantaged background or BME 
smoking during pregnancy 
teenage mother 
Hx of atlas one hospital admission
36
Q

what are the risk factors for a child having NO immunisations?

A 
lone parents 
large family size 
disadvantaged background 
BME mother 
older (>=40) mothers 
more educated mothers
37
Q

what is the most common reason mothers do not vaccinate their children?

A

beliefs and attitudes

38
Q

what Is the most common reason for partial immunisations?

A

most common: medical reasons
2nd most common:
accessibility issues

39
Q

what increases the risk of NO MMR vaccines?

A 
highly educated mother 
mother >34 
larger family size
lone parent 
mother <20 
maternal smoking in pregnancy
40
Q

increased risk of having single antigen vaccines?

A

mother more highly educated
older mothers
increasing income families

41
Q

arguments against immune overload?

A

immune system is constantly challenged and therefore cells replenished
no increase in serious bacterial or viral infection post MMR vaccine. no increase of hospitalisations for infection after MMR

42
Q

what is the advice with regards to MMR and egg allergy?

A

children allergic to egg should still receive the MMR.

those with documented anaphylaxis to the vaccine, should be referred to an allergist (they maybe allergic to other components)

note: this advice has changed from previously where the vaccine was CI

43
Q

what is the advice with regards to children with egg allergy and influenza

A

children with egg anaphylaxis should be referred

however, if only allergy can safely have the vaccine

Vaccinations (1 decks)

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