Childhood DO

Question 1

Formerly called mental retardation. Significantly subaverage intellectual function
(IQ <70), as measured by a variety of IQ tests.

Answer 1

INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY (ID)

Question 2

Additional considerations in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY (ID) Dx

Answer 2

Must be accompanied by concurrent impairment in adapting to demands of school, work, social, and other environments. Onset is age <18.

Question 3

Prevalence of ID

Answer 3

: 1% of the population. Occurs at a 1.2:1 male-to-female ratio

Question 4

What IQ level?

Attain academic skills to approximately the sixth-grade level, often live independently in the community or with minimal supervision, may have problems with impulse control and self-esteem, and may have associated conduct disorder, substance-related disorder, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Answer 4

Mild ID (IQ 50–69)

Question 5

What IQ level?

Attain academic skills to second-grade level, may be able to manage activities of daily living, work in sheltered workshops, live in residential community settings; have significant problems conforming to social norms

Answer 5

Moderate ID (IQ 35–50):

Question 6

What IQ level?

Have little or no speech and very limited
abilities to manage self-care; require highly supervised care setting

Answer 6

Severe (IQ 20–35) and profound ID (IQ <20):

Question 7

Differential Diagnosis for ID

Answer 7

Includes learning and communication disorders, sensory impairment,
autism spectrum disorder, borderline intellectual functioning (IQ 70–100), and environmental
deprivation

Question 8

Characterized by learning achievement in specific areas that is substantially below
expectations, given the patient’s age, intelligence, sensory abilities, and educational experience.

Answer 8

LEARNING DISORDERS

Question 9

Types of learning disorder are
1
2
3

Answer 9

reading disorder (most common), mathematics disorder, and
disorder of written expression

Question 10

Some general medical

conditions and substance-induced conditions are associated with learning disorders, including

Answer 10

lead poisoning and fetal alcohol syndrome.

Question 11

A group of disorders characterized by problems with social interaction, behavior,
and language.

Answer 11

ASD

Question 12

T or F

Answer 12

Sites of CNS damage specifically associated with ASD are unknown.

Question 13

General medical conditions
associated with ASD include 
1
2
3

Answer 13

encephalitis, maternal rubella, PKU, tuberous sclerosis, fragile X syndrome, and perinatal anoxia.

Question 14

ASD

• Prevalence: _______
• Onset: _______

Answer 14

0.08% of the general population. Occurs at a 5:1 male-to-female ratio.

Before 3 years of age

Question 15

ASD

• Communication symptoms: _____
• Behavioral symptoms: ______

Answer 15

Absent or bizarre use of speech

Odd preoccupation with repetitive activities, bizarre mannerisms, and rigid adherence to purposeless ritual

Question 16

ASD

Physical findings: _____

Answer 16

Higher incidence of abnormal electroencephalograms (EEGs), seizures,
and abnormal brain morphology

Question 17

ASD

Course: _______

Answer 17

Approximately 30% of individuals with ASD become semi-independent in
adulthood, but almost all have severe residual disabilities

Question 18

ASD

Predictors of a poor outcome are____

Answer 18

associated ID and failure to develop useful speech

Question 19

Commonly associated with ASD

Answer 19

Self-injuries caused by head banging or biting sometimes present

Question 20

ASD

Major TX

Answer 20

The major treatment is family counseling, special education, and newer antipsychotic
medications to control episodes of severe agitation or self-destructive behavior.

Question 21

______characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere
with social or academic function. Symptoms last for at least 6 months, and onset occurs
before age 12.

Answer 21

ADHD

Question 22

ADHD Etiology

Answer 22

No specific etiologies have been identified. Other CNS pathology and disadvantaged family and school situations are sometimes present

Question 23

ADHD Prevalence

Answer 23

5% of school-age children and 2.5% of adults. Male-to-female ratio is 2:1 in children
and 1.6:1 in adults.

Question 24

Family history of pts with ADHD

Answer 24

ADHD, mood and anxiety disorders, substance-related disorders, and antisocial
personality disorder

Question 25

ONset of ADHD

Answer 25

Usually first recognized when a child enters school, and symptoms usually persist
throughout childhood

Question 26

NAtural course of ADHD

Answer 26

ADHD, particularly the attention deficit, persists into adulthood in most
but not all affected individuals. Hyperactivity tends to diminish in adolescence and adulthood

Question 27

Sx of ADHD

Answer 27

Short attention span, constant fidgeting, inability to sit through cartoons or meals,
inability to wait in lines, failure to stay quiet or sit still in class, disobedience, shunning by peers, fighting, poor academic performance, carelessness, and poor relationships with siblings

Question 28

Associated problems with ADHD

Answer 28

Low self-esteem, mood lability, conduct disorder, learning disorders, clumsiness, communication disorders, drug abuse, school failure, and physical trauma as a result of impulsivity

Question 29

educational interventions for ADHD include ______

Answer 29

adding structure and stability to home and school environments

Question 30

ASD

Pharmacotherapy of choice is stimulant
medications, such as ______ and _____

Answer 30

methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine.

Non-stimulants such as atomoxetine
may also be used

Question 31

Persistent violations over at least 6 months in 4 areas: aggression, property
destruction, deceitfulness or theft, and rules

Answer 31

CONDUCT DISORDER

Question 32

norma CHILDHOOD ANXIETY types

Answer 32

• Stranger anxiety

* Separation anxiety

Question 33

Fear of strangers in unfamiliar contexts that is present from age 6 months to approximately 2 years

Answer 33

Stranger anxiety

Question 34

Fear of separation from the caregiver that is present from approximately
1 to 3 years of age.

Answer 34

Separation anxiety

Question 35

RF for childhood anxiety

Answer 35

Excessively close-knit families, excessive expectations of children, and innate temperamental anxiety

Question 36

Tx of childhood anxiety

Answer 36

Family therapy helps parents recognize and lessen childhood anxiety. Cognitive
behavioral therapy is useful to decrease anxiety in older children

Question 37

Childhood onset of multiple motor and vocal tics

Answer 37

TOURETTE DISORDER

Question 38

RF of TOURETTE DISORDER

Answer 38

Autosomal dominant transmission may occur in some cases. There are associations between ADHD (50%) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) (40%).

Question 39

Onset of Sx for pts with TOURETTE DISORDER

Answer 39

Average age 7 years with motor tics and vocal tics typically appearing at age 11 years

Question 40

Asscn of TOURETTE DISORDER

Answer 40

ADHD and obsessive-compulsive disorder are each present in about
one-third of cases.

ADHD occurs before tics whereas OCD symptoms occur after the tics

Question 41

Tx of TOURETTE DISORDER

Answer 41

Antipsychotic drugs, including pimozide, haloperidol, olanzapine and risperidone
are treatments of choice

Question 42

Other Tx of TOURETTE DISORDER

Answer 42

Clonidine and clonazepam are sometimes useful