Childhood Flashcards
The Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act was introduced in what year??
1889
What year was compulsory schooling introduced and the school-leaving age increased????
1880
In 1989 the Social services were introduced, as well as what else??
Entitlement to healthcare, education, and protection from abuse.
The decrease in family size and lower infant mortality rates encouraged parents to….
Make a greater financial and emotional investment in the fewer children they now had
What did Donzelot (1977) observe??
How theories of child development that began to appear from the 19th century stressed that children need supervision and protection.
Books were made on the topic which stresses their importance (intro if child centredness)
Laws and policies that apply specifically to children were intro such as :
Minimum age for a wide range of activities from sex to smoking.
Reinforcing the idea that children are different form adults and so different rules must be applied to their behaviour.
Briefly describe the process of industrialisation
The shift form agriculture to factory production as the basis of the economy- underlies many of the changes.
Compulsory schooling is needed to provide for the ….
Educated workforce that we need for our modern industry
The lower infant mortality rates are a result of…
Higher living standards and better welfare provision
Lloyd De Mause says in 1974:
“The history of childhood is a nightmare from which we have only recently begun at awaken”
£64 billion was spent on what by the govt. in 2007/8
Education
What were the Infant mortality rates in
1900 And
Today
1900 it was 154 per 1,000 live births and
Today it is 5 per 1,000 per live births
Smaller family sizes have improved standards of living. What were the figures for birth rates in 1860 & 2006 ??
1860 fam size was 5.7 births per woman
2006 it has lowered to 1.84
How much was it estimated that children had cost their parents by their 21st birthday???? ££££
£186,000
Which conflict sociologists dispute the idea of March of progress
Marxists and feminists
Marxists and feminists (conflict sociologists) argue that society is based on a conflict between different social groups such as :
Social classes or genders
Conflict sociologists argue that the ‘March of progress’ view of modern childhood is based on …..
A false and idealised image that ignores important inequalities. Criticising it on two grounds:
There are inequalities among children
The inequalities between children and adults
What percentage of low birth-weight babies are born in the Third world????
90%
What was Hillman’s study? (1993)
Boys are more likely to be allowed to cross/cycle on roads, use buses, and go out after dark unaccompanied.
Brannen’s (1994) study of 15-16 year old girls found what????
That Asian parents were more likely than other parents to be strict towards their daughters.
Modern society constructs childhood as a time of:
Vulnerability
Innocence
Segregation
What does Palmer (2006) say? In contrast with what the govt. say?
Children in society are experiencing ‘toxic childhood’
WhereAs the govt. believe that children have never had it so good as they do today
Gender differences… What does Bonke (1997) say?
Links to theories like Hillman’s had
Found that girls do more domestic labour esp. In lone-parent families. Where girls were 5X more likely to do more housework than boys
Why can children not be spoken of as a whole??
Because they’re not all equal. Child labour. Child povert DO STILL EXIST
