Childhood

Question 0

The Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act was introduced in what year??

Answer 0

1889

Question 1

What year was compulsory schooling introduced and the school-leaving age increased????

Answer 1

1880

Question 2

In 1989 the Social services were introduced, as well as what else??

Answer 2

Entitlement to healthcare, education, and protection from abuse.

Question 3

The decrease in family size and lower infant mortality rates encouraged parents to….

Answer 3

Make a greater financial and emotional investment in the fewer children they now had

Question 4

What did Donzelot (1977) observe??

Answer 4

How theories of child development that began to appear from the 19th century stressed that children need supervision and protection.
Books were made on the topic which stresses their importance (intro if child centredness)

Question 5

Laws and policies that apply specifically to children were intro such as :

Answer 5

Minimum age for a wide range of activities from sex to smoking.
Reinforcing the idea that children are different form adults and so different rules must be applied to their behaviour.

Question 6

Briefly describe the process of industrialisation

Answer 6

The shift form agriculture to factory production as the basis of the economy- underlies many of the changes.

Question 7

Compulsory schooling is needed to provide for the ….

Answer 7

Educated workforce that we need for our modern industry

Question 8

The lower infant mortality rates are a result of…

Answer 8

Higher living standards and better welfare provision

Question 9

Lloyd De Mause says in 1974:

Answer 9

“The history of childhood is a nightmare from which we have only recently begun at awaken”

Question 10

£64 billion was spent on what by the govt. in 2007/8

Answer 10

Education

Question 11

What were the Infant mortality rates in
1900 And
Today

Answer 11

1900 it was 154 per 1,000 live births and

Today it is 5 per 1,000 per live births

Question 12

Smaller family sizes have improved standards of living. What were the figures for birth rates in 1860 & 2006 ??

Answer 12

1860 fam size was 5.7 births per woman

2006 it has lowered to 1.84

Question 13

How much was it estimated that children had cost their parents by their 21st birthday???? ££££

Answer 13

£186,000

Question 14

Which conflict sociologists dispute the idea of March of progress

Answer 14

Marxists and feminists

Question 15

Marxists and feminists (conflict sociologists) argue that society is based on a conflict between different social groups such as :

Answer 15

Social classes or genders

Question 16

Conflict sociologists argue that the ‘March of progress’ view of modern childhood is based on …..

Answer 16

A false and idealised image that ignores important inequalities. Criticising it on two grounds:
There are inequalities among children
The inequalities between children and adults

Question 17

What percentage of low birth-weight babies are born in the Third world????

Answer 17

90%

Question 18

What was Hillman’s study? (1993)

Answer 18

Boys are more likely to be allowed to cross/cycle on roads, use buses, and go out after dark unaccompanied.

Question 19

Brannen’s (1994) study of 15-16 year old girls found what????

Answer 19

That Asian parents were more likely than other parents to be strict towards their daughters.

Question 20

Modern society constructs childhood as a time of:

Answer 20

Vulnerability
Innocence
Segregation

Question 21

What does Palmer (2006) say? In contrast with what the govt. say?

Answer 21

Children in society are experiencing ‘toxic childhood’

WhereAs the govt. believe that children have never had it so good as they do today

Question 22

Gender differences… What does Bonke (1997) say?

Links to theories like Hillman’s had

Answer 22

Found that girls do more domestic labour esp. In lone-parent families. Where girls were 5X more likely to do more housework than boys

Question 23

Why can children not be spoken of as a whole??

Answer 23

Because they’re not all equal. Child labour. Child povert DO STILL EXIST

Question 24

What does sociologist Howard (2001) say about childhood and inequalities between children??

Answer 24

Children born into poor families are more likely to die in infancy or childhood, to suffer longstanding illnesses, to be shorter in height to fall behind in school and to be placed on the child protection register.

Question 25

What was Firestone and Holts idea of ‘Child Liberationalists’??

Answer 25

To FREE Children from adult control

Question 26

Firestone and Holt/ conflict sociologists indicates there is a ……… Side to life ??

Answer 26

” DARK side to family life”

Question 27

Adult control is said to be taken In a number of forms. One of which is neglect and abuse…. How many calls did childlike receive ??

Answer 27

20,000

Question 28

Control over children’s space and time are things such as:

Answer 28

Signs forbidding playing in certain areas.

Daily routines controlled

Question 29

Age patriarchy is said to be a huge problem. How do children try to resist this oppression??

Answer 29

By ‘acting up’ or ‘acting down’. (Hockey and James 1993)

Question 30

Critics of the Child Liberationalists say what?

Answer 30

Justify the facts that children cannot make rational decisions and are unable to safeguard their interests themselves.
Children ARE NOT AS POWERLESS as child liberationalists make out

Question 31

Why does Postman (1994)argue that childhood is disappearing?

Answer 31

Growing similarities of adults and children CLOTHING, committing adult CRIMES

Question 32

What are the key features of the dominant framework for Wyness (2006)??

Answer 32

Childhood and adulthood are seen as opposites
Children are not seen in their own rights but in terms of what they will become later
Children are regarded as the earliest or most primitive stage of individuality

Question 33

Wyness (2006) says:

Answer 33

Commonsense thinking sees childhood as a ‘natural and inevitable phase of life that we all go through’.

Question 34

Challenging the dominant framework and claiming childhood as a Social construction means…….

Answer 34

It is seen as not a biological, natural phAse but a social role which is learnt through socialisation and which varies from society to society over time.n

Question 35

Amnesty International estimates there are how many child soldiers in the world??????

Answer 35

300,000

Question 36

Who pioneered the idea of childhood as a social construction??

Answer 36

Aries 1973

Question 37

What did Aries find from his research??

Answer 37

That in medieval times modern conceptions of childhood did not exist.
Chronological age was not seen as important
Children often died before adulthood (regarded less important)
Mourning of children kept to minimum by parents
Played same games
No specific clothes
Not regarded and particularly innocent or protected

Question 38

What was a criticism of Aries work???

Answer 38

He claims that there was no concept of childhood in medieval times, some say it may just have been different.
He based his research on a small sample of untypical French aristocratic families.(unrepresentative) (generalisation)

Question 39

Intro of schools, separate age classes, segregation from adult world helped introduce the idea of …..

Answer 39

A distinct phase of life