Childhood Flashcards
0
Q
Gross motor skills
A
- More sophisticated
- coloring, painting, tying shoes
- boys more advanced
1
Q
Fine motor skills
A
Girls more advanced than boys
2
Q
Overall motor skills
A
- Center of gravity shifts and kids become more balanced
- nutrition important
- independence requiring physical movement
3
Q
Piaget’s Pre-Operational Thinking
A
- Assimilation and Accomodation continue
- Egocentrism
- Centration
- Animism
4
Q
Egocentrism
A
- Self-centered thinking
- Emotional fluctuation
- Lots of physical activity
5
Q
Centration
A
- Only able to think about one thing at a time
- information and orders needed one thing at a time
6
Q
Animism
A
Everything is alive, has personality, and can take responsibility
7
Q
Habituation vs Dishabituation
A
- when sensory information receives additional cognitive processing
- continues throughout life
8
Q
Habituation
A
The more you have something, the less it stimulates and causes boredom (not good)
9
Q
Dishabituation
A
Delivering the stimulus in different ways to get a different response
10
Q
Operant Conditioning
A
- B.F. Skinner
- behaviors are affected by consequences
- consequences must match the behavior
11
Q
Imitation
A
Older children learn by observing parents, peers, tv characters, etc.
12
Q
Initiative vs. Guilt
A
- goal:purpose
- caregivers, peers, and teachers important
13
Q
Early childhood memory
A
- remember past events with cues
- autobiographical memory because egocentric thought
14
Q
Types of Play
A
- Solitary
- Onlooker
- Parallel
- Cooperative
- Sociodramatic
15
Q
Solitary Play
A
- Playing by themselves
- Legos, dolls, action figures
16
Q
Onlooker Play
A
- Observing other children play
- Learn how to play correctly
- enjoy it but living vicariously
17
Q
Parallel Play
A
Kids playing in similar space but not interacting
18
Q
Cooperative Play
A
Kids playing together and interacting and communicating
19
Q
Sociodramatic Play
A
- Playing WITH others
- role-play
- more leads to interactiveness and intelligence as they age
20
Q
Gender differences in play
A
- Girls: more verbal communication
- Boys: more physically active
21
Q
Imaginary Friends
A
- 65% of kids have an imaginary friend
- Occurs more often among only children
- Tend to be more creative than kids without an imaginary friend
22
Q
The Immediate Family
A
- All connected
- All events have impact on all members
- Bound by rules, roles, and traditions
23
Q
Who ‘created’ parenting styles
A
Diana Baumrind
24
4 Parenting Styles
- Authoritarian
- Authoritative
- indulgent-permissive
- indifferent-uninvolved
25
Authoritarian
- Low Care
- High control
- "my way or the highway"
- produces anxiety, indecisiveness, and desire to control environment
26
Authoritative
- high care
| - high control
27
Indulgent-Permissive
- high care
- low control
- inconsistent
- little structure creating high anxiety
- difficulty in school
- indulge in risky behavior
28
Indifferent-Uninvolved
- low care
- low control
- kid is raising themselves
29
Quality Time vs Quantity Time
- Takes both for most positive outcomes
| - Needed from both parents
30
Gender
- State of being
| - psychological
31
Sex
Biological and anatomical
32
Gender Identity
- Identifying with Regard to individuality as male or female
| - Determined by age 3
33
Gender Constancy
Understanding that you are constantly the gender you're assigned
34
Gender socialization
Groups socialize boys and girls into a gender role
| Ex: boys don't cry, only girls play with dolls
35
Gender Parenting
Boys and girls are raised differently in respects to
- descriptions
- expectations
- toys
- physical interaction
- activities
36
Androgyny
- Gender neutral
- Neutral roles
- unable to determine if they are male or female
37
Gender dysphoria
- Gender confusion
- identifying with the opposite gender
- may lead to transgender
38
Transgender
Feels trapped in original body
39
Physical attributes from kindergarten to 5th grade
- Growth slows
| - Girls catch up and get a growth spurt
40
Nutrition k-5
- Obesity increased because of decrease of physical activity in schools
- healthier lunches at school but maybe not at home
41
Average age for menstrating
10-12 because of stress and processed foods
42
Recall
Memory that's triggered by remembering an event
43
Rehearsal
Strategy to help recall
44
Conservation
- Liquids in different sized glasses
| - despite change in containers physical properties, liquid is the same amount
45
Zone of Proximal Development
I can't -> I can with help -> I can do it myself
| -we need mentors, teachers, and peers
46
Founded idea of zone of proximal development
Lev Vygotsky
47
Apprenticeship
Dual relationship of teaching among peers
48
Over imitation
Teacher has to explain and over exaggerate
49
Scaffolding
Boosting enough to get to next level
50
Vygotskian classrooms
- Small teams
| - Creativity
51
Private speech
Talking yourself through something
52
Mind like a computer
We have sensory registry, short term, and long term memory
53
Meta cognition
Thinking about and evaluating our own thinking
54
Industry vs Inferiority
Goal: method and competence
| Teachers and peers important
55
Self Concept
- List of attributes and descriptions of the self
| - I am...
56
Self Esteem
- How you score your self concept
- evaluating self from comparisons and the judgement of others
- we assign ourselves a score
57
Self Efficacy
Believe that the self has the ability to do something
58
Self Control
Ability to control self-expression and the degree you reward/punish the self
59
Friend groups often based on
Gender
60
Kids with good friends
- high self esteem
- less likely to be alone or depressed
- likely to engage in pro social behavior
- greater feeling of self worth as adults
61
Crowd
Group of people with similar interests, involvement, and activities
62
Cliques
- a group inside the crowd
- 3 to 12 members
- more socialized and have structure than the crowd
- start in kindergarten
63
Pros of Cliques
Intimacy and vulnerability
64
Cons of cliques
Exclusivity and bullying because others don't meet their standards
65
Dominance Hierarchy
- Leaders and followers as early as first grade
| - once a status is achieved, it rarely changes
66
Peer Statuses
- Popular
- Controversial
- Rejected
- Average
- Neglected
67
Popular
- not always having tons of friends
- not negative
- everyone has a general level of like and wants to be friend with them
68
Controversial
- popular but people don't like them
| - you're friends with them because you feel like you have to be
69
Rejected
- All the other kids push them away
| - they know they're rejected
70
Average
- have friends but not everyone likes them
| - good close friend group
71
Neglected
- Existence not noticed
- often shy and keeps to self
- low-confidence
72
How to get out of your peer group structure
- changing schools
- do something awesome or horrific
- someone in a different status befriends you
73
Boy leaders
Strength and dominant personality
74
Girl leaders
Exhibit verbal skill whether building or destroying
75
%age of girls grades 3-6 wgo have bad feelings about their bodies
80%
76
%age of boys grades 3-6 who report anxiety about their builds
50%
77
Boys belief about body image
Muscles or girth in their chest is more important that intelligence, compassion, or emotional well-being
78
Eating disorders rising between this age group
10-12
79
Causes of poor body image
- Girls likely to imitate mothers who believe they have weight issues
- kids told what to believe through media and other people
- guys are called wimpy or gay if they aren't muscular
80
Worst time for a kid to go through divorced
K-10th grade
81
Negative effects of kids in divorce
- poor self esteem
- abuse
- drop out of school from poor performance
82
Death vs Divorce
Divorce is more psychologically destructive because kids often feel responsible
83
How long does it take a kid to heal from a divorce?
- 2-4 years
| - most remarriages occur before proper healing
84
Single mothers after divorce
Women often get the kids and the financial situation plummets without the father
85
Mothers affection during divorce
Less affectionate during the first months
86
Behavior of children after divorce
Often uncontrollable
87
2 years after divorce
Mothers are more affectionate and better able to discipline
88
6 months after divorce
Mothers and daughters are closer but mothers and son have a lot of conflict
89
What's is absolutely necessary for a healthy divorce
Parental cooperation and joint custody
90
Blended families
Fast growing and cannot be treated like biological families
91
Disciplining as a step-patent
Must co-parent in disciplining at first
92
How many divorce people remarry
2/3
