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Blue F+H > Childhood (1) > Flashcards

Childhood (1) Flashcards

1
Q

What did Wagg (1992) argue about childhood?

A

Wagg (1992) argues that there is no one universal experience of childhood and as such childhood is not biological but socially constructed; something created and defined by society.

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2
Q

What is childhood?

A

Childhood is a special time of life and that children are fundamentally different from adults.

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3
Q

What evidence is there that childhood is a social construct?

A

~Different from childhood in the past = historical comparison.
~Childhood in this country is different from other societies = cross-cultural comparison.

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4
Q

What are children seen as?

A

~Physically and psychologically immature.
~Not yet competent to run their own lives.
~In need of protection.
~In need of socialisation to learn to become a responsible adult.

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5
Q

In which ways is childhood separate from childhood?

A

Laws and policies
Products and services
Lifestyle/activities
Innocent and vulnerable

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6
Q

How are laws and policies separate in childhood and adulthood?

A

There are laws and policies in place regulating what children are and not allowed to do, and controlling their activities:
~Restrictions on alcohol consumption.
~Age of consent for sex and marriage.
~Compulsory education until age 18, keeping children out of the adult work place.
~Laws protecting children and describing them as “vulnerable people”.

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7
Q

How are products and services separate in childhood and adulthood?

A 
Children use different products and services to adults:
~Cloths
~Play areas and nurseries
~Toys
~Books
~TV programmes 
~Food
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8
Q

How are lifestyle/activities separate in childhood and adulthood?

A

Children do different daily activities and have a different lifestyle to adults:
~Pilcher argues childhood is a “golden age” of happiness and innocence where most of children’s time is leisure time.
~Childhood are kept separate from adult activities and the adult world of work.

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9
Q

How are innocent and vulnerable separate in childhood and adulthood?

A

Because of this happiness and innocence, children are seen as vulnerable and in need of protection:
~Safeguarding and child protection laws.
~Kept separate from adults and the dangers of the adult world.
~Children live their lives largely in the protective bubble of the private sphere of the family.

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10
Q

How did Punch (2001) study into cross cultural differences in childhood?

A

Punch (2001) studied childhood in rural Bolivia and found children from age of 5 are expected to work both in the home and community.

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11
Q

How did Malinowski (1957) study into cross cultural differences in childhood?

A

Malinowski (1957) studied children’s sexual behaviour among the Trobriand Islanders in the South Pacific. Found adults took an attitude of ‘tolerance and amused interest’ towards children’s sexual explorations and activities.

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12
Q

What did Pilcher argue about the modern western view of childhood?

A

Pilcher argues that the modern western view of childhood also sees children as separate from adults, and that childhood is a distinct life stage.

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13
Q

How is laws and policies different for adults children?

A

There are laws and policies in place regulating what children are and not allowed to do, and controlling their activities:
~Restrictions on alcohol consumption.
~Age of consent for sex and marriage.
~Compulsory education until age 18, keeping children out of the adult work place.
~Laws protecting children and describing them as “vulnerable people”.

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14
Q

How is products and services different for adults children?

A 
Children use different products and services to adults:
~Cloths 
~Play areas and nurseries 
~Toys
~Books
~TV programmes 
~Food
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15
Q

How is lifestyle/activities different for adults children?

A

Children do different daily activities and have a different lifestyle to adults:
~Pilcher argues childhood is a “golden age” of happiness and innocence where most of children’s time is leisure time.
~Children are kept separate from adult world of work.

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16
Q

How is innocent and vulnerable different for adults children?

A

Because of this happiness and innocence, children are seen as vulnerable and in need of protection:
~Safeguarding and child protection laws.
~Kept separate from adults and the dangers of the adult world.
~Children live their lives largely in the protective bubble of 5e private sphere of the family.

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17
Q

How is the modern western view childhood evidence that childhood is socially constructed?

A

The modern western view of childhood is not universal and it hasn’t always been this way.
Other cultures see childhood very differently and don’t see such a big difference between children and adults.
The view of childhood in the West had also significantly changed over time.

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18
Q

How did Punch (2001) study cross cultural differences in childhood?

A

Punch (2001) studied childhood in rural Bolivia and found children from the age of 5 are expected to work both in the home and community.

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19
Q

How did Malinowski (1957) study cross cultural differences in childhood?

A

Malinowski (1957) studied children’s sexual behaviour among the Trobriand Islanders in the South Pacific. Found adults took an attitude of ‘tolerance and amused interest’ towards children’s sexual exploitation’s and activities.

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20
Q

What did Aries (1960) argue about historical changes to childhood?

A

Aries (1960) argued that children in the Middle Ages were like “mini adults”. He conducted research by looking at paintings from the 10th-13th century, determining that in this time period adults and children were not seen as distinct from one another and that childhood was in no way a ‘special’ or ‘separate’ time.

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21
Q

What did Aries (1960) find?

A

In the 10th-13th century childhood did not exist, but as time went on to the 20th century “the century of the child”, childhood is seen as a very special time.

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22
Q

What are the strengths of Aries (1960)?

A

+Aries has evidence that childhood is socially constructed. Childhood has changed.
+Shorter (1975) supports the idea that childhood has changed. He argues that when Infant mortality rate was high, parents would place less value on their children as they wouldn’t be likely to live past the age of 1.

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23
Q

What are the weaknesses of Aries (1960)?

A
  • Pollock argues it would me more correct to say that childhood was “different” in the Middle Ages as opposed to non-existent.
  • Paintings from the Middle Ages which are likely to depict only middle class people, making his research unrepresentative and class biased. His research is also based purely on his own interpretation of art, not factual photographs.
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24
Q

What are the reasons for changes in childhood in the 19th to 20th century?

A 
~Laws and policies 
~Compulsory schooling (1880) 
~Children’s rights 
~Decline in family size
~Growing interests in child development and health
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25
Q

How has laws and policies changed childhood?

A

The factories acts in the 1880s gradually removed children from the workplace.
Children went from being an economic asset to being economically dependent on their parents.
Some laws are specific to children such as restrictions on drinking, sex and smoking.

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26
Q

What was laws and policies contributions to modern western childhood?

A

Children have to go to school so different to work meaning that they get a childhood.

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27
Q

How has compulsory schooling changed childhood?

A

This further extended children’s dependency on their parents.
Children are no longer an economic asset but but a burden, completely dependent on their parents.

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28
Q

What has compulsory schooling contributed to Morden western childhood?

A

Prolonged childhood.

More equality not just rich kids going to school.

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29
Q

How has children’s right changed childhood?

A

Children have more rights than in the past e.g. education, healthcare, protection from abuse.
Parents have a “responsibility” to protect their children rather than “rights” over them.

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30
Q

What has children’s rights contributed to Morden western childhood?

A

Allows them to be children

They get more freedom

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31
Q

How has decline in family size changed childhood?

A

Having fewer children means that parents make a greater emotional and financial investment in the children they do have.
More value is placed on then because there are less of them.

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32
Q

What has the decline in family size contributed to modern western childhood?

A

Children are an motional investment not just a way of carrying on the blood line.
Suggesting that children have value.

33
Q

How has growing interest in child development and health changed childhood?

A

There is growing academic and medical interest in child development, paediatrics is an entire area of medical expertise.
Donzelot (1977) argues that theories of child development stress tha children need supervision and protection.

34
Q

What has the growing interest in child development and health contributed to modern western childhood?

A

Teachers have to look out of the children.

35
Q

What does historical evidence show?

A

Historical evidence shows that childhood didn’t exist as a separate stage.

36
Q

What does cross cultural evidence show?

A

Cross cultural evidence shows that the experience of childhood isn’t universals today.

37
Q

What is postman say about childhood?

A

Childhood is disappearing as they have the internet which means they have more access to adult material.

38
Q

What is Gittens say about childhood?

A

“Cotton wool” children are children who are too protected so can’t try anything because of safeguarding laws which bands things.

39
Q

Why do those with a march of progress view see society and the family has child-centred?

A

Children are the focal point of the family.
Children get to make more decisions.
Much of the media and leisure activities are aimed at children.
Parents invest emotionally and financially in their children.
Parents have high aspirations for their children.
Children are no longer “seen and not heard”.

40
Q

Who studied how ethnicity effects childhood?

A

Brannen

41
Q

How did Brannen study the effect of ethnicity on childhood?

A

He did a study of 15-16 year olds and found that Asian parents were more likely than other parents to be strict towards their daughters.

42
Q

Who studied how class effects childhood?

A

Howard

43
Q

How did Howard study the effect of class on childhood?

A

Poor mothers are more likely to have low birth weight babies which is liked to delayed physical and intellectual development. Children of unskilled manual workers are three times more likely to suffer hyperactivity than children of professionals. They are also more likely to die in infancy of childhood and suffer longstanding illness.

44
Q

Who studied his gender effects childhood?

A

Hillman

45
Q

How did Hillman study the effect of gender on childhood?

A

He found boys are more likely to be allowed to cross or cycle on roads, use busses and go out after dark unaccompanied. He also found girls do more domestic labour especially in lone-parent households.

46
Q

What do conflict theorists argue?

A

Conflict theorists also argue there are inequalities between children and adults which are actually greater than ever. They argue that the protection and supervision of children givers adults significant control over them and their lives.

47
Q

What concept does Gittins use to describe the way that adults dominate, oppress and control children.

A

Age Patriarchy.

48
Q

What does Gittins mean by the concept “Age Patriarchy”?

A

Describes the way that adults dominate, oppress and control children.

49
Q

In what way does the protection and supervision of children lead to adults having significant control over the lives of children?

A 
Neglect and abuse
Control over children’s space
Control over children’s time
Control over children’s bodies
Control over access to resources
50
Q

How does the protection and supervision of children lead to adults have significant control over children’s lives in terms of neglect and abuse?

A

Neglect and abuse can be in the form of physical, sexual, emotional and neglect. In 2013 43,000 children were subject to child protection plans because they were deemed to be at risk of significant harm - most often form own parents. Child line receives over 20,000 calls a year from children.

51
Q

How does the protection and supervision of children lead to adults have significant control over children’s space?

A

Children’s movements in industrial societies such as Britain are highly regarded. For example shops may display signs such as ‘no school children’. There is increasingly close surveillance over children in public spaces such as shopping centres. Similarly fears about road safety and ‘stranger danger’ have led to more children being driven to school rather than travelling independently. This contrasts to children in rural developing countries where children roam freely both within the village and outside it.

52
Q

How does the protection and supervision of children lead to adults have significant control over children’s time?

A

Adults in modern society control daily routines, including the times when they get up, eat, go to school, come home, go to bed etc. They also control the speed at which children ‘grow up’.

53
Q

How does the protection and supervision of children lead to adults have significant control over children’s bodies?

A

Adults exercise enormous control over children’s bodies including how the sit, walk, run, what they wear, their hairstyles etc. They are washed, fed and dressed, have their heads patted and hands held and are disciplined by snaking.

54
Q

How does the protection and supervision of children lead to adults have significant control over children’s access to resources?

A

In industrial societies, children have only limited opportunities to earn money and so remain economically dependent on adults. For example labour laws and compulsory schooling restrict them to low paid, part time employment. Also child benefits is paid to the parents and pocket money is dependent on ‘good behaviour’.

55
Q

What is mean by the ‘Cotten-wool’ generation?

A

Childhood is changing. Parents have become anxious and paranoid about the dangers to their children.
Children have lost their freedom to play and be adventurous.

56
Q

What is postman’s view of childhood?

A

It’s disappearing.
Postman argues that childhood is disappearing at a dazzling speed with children and adults having the same rights, the same products e.g. cloths and even with children commuting ‘adult crimes’ such as murder. He claims the most significant factor leading to this change is the introduction of television which makes adult information easily accessible to children.

57
Q

What is Palmers view on childhood?

A

Technology has lead to childhood becoming toxic as it has damaged the physical, intellectual and emotional development of children. This includes the use of computer games, the increased consumption of junk food and the use of technology to replace traditional ‘hands on’ parenting.

58
Q

What is Opie view of childhood?

A

There is empirical evidence that childhood is still separate. There is still a children’s culture including children’s books, rhymes, games and songs.

59
Q

What is the modern western view of childhood?

A

Western childhood is going global.
The modern western view of childhood is beginning to be exported and imposed on the rest of the world.
An example of this is Western campaigns against child labour in other countries: the western view is that children ought to be in school and/or having fun rather than working, whereas other cultures view it as preparation for adult life.

60
Q

What is the ‘new sociology of childhood’ view?

A

The ‘new sociology of childhood’ doesn’t fully agree with the notion that childhood is socially constructed.
This view suggests that seeing childhood as socially constructed encourages the view that children are passive, and play no role in shaping their experience as children.

61
Q

What did Smart find out about in childhood?

A

Consider the role of children in shaping family life.
She found examples of this in research on divorcing families, where the children played a central role in making the experience more comfortable for everyone.

62
Q

What did Mason and Tipper say about childhood?

A

There is evidence that children have an active role in shaping their lives. Children often take control of who they choose to consider family e.g. they might refer to a close family friend as ‘aunt’ or ‘uncle’.

63
Q

What evidence is there that childhood has improved?

A 
~Historical differences - Aries. 
~Pilcher - separateness. 
~Society has become more child-centred. 
~Better education. 
~Better healthcare. 
~Legal rights. 
~Higher standards of living. 
~Children’s consumer market.  
~Increased love and affection from parents.
64
Q

What evidence is there that childhood has not improved?

A

~Postman (1994) - Social blurring (little distinction between adults and children).
~Palmer - Toxic childhood.
~Frank Furedi (2001) - cotton wool kids.
~Child abuse and neglect.
~Criminal offences, under-age drinking, drug abuse and anti-social behaviour.
~Cross cultural differences (Punch, Malinowski, Wagg).
~Differences in class, gender and ethnicity.

65
Q

What is the term used by Pilcher to describe childhood as a time of happiness and innocence?

A

Golden age of childhood.

66
Q

At what age are you legally an adult in the USA?

A

19.

67
Q

What do we call the view that childhood has improved?

A

March of progress.

68
Q

Who argues that childhood is not biological but socially constructed?

A

Wagg.

69
Q

What is a society or family that is have children as the focal point of them?

A

Child-centred.

70
Q

Who found that Trobriand Islanders were tolerant of children’s sexuality?

A

Malinowski.

71
Q

What was the concept that Aries used to describe children in the Middle Ages?

A

Mini adults.

72
Q

What is the term used to describe the way adults have control over and oppress children?

A

Age patriarchy.

73
Q

Conflict theorists think childhood has improved (true or false)?

A

False.

74
Q

What is the main cause of a toxic childhood according to Palmer?

A

Technology.

75
Q

What is the idea that childhood is created and defined by society called?

A

Socially constructed.

76
Q

What is the main cause of the disappearance of childhood according to Postman?

A

Television.

77
Q

What is the name of the laws that removed children from the workplace?

A

Factory acts.

78
Q

The modern western view of childhood sees children as strong, intelligent and responsible (true or false)?

A

False.

79
Q

Who argues that children experience childhood differently based on their ethnicity?

A

Brannen.

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