Child Reading and Writing Flashcards
What does early reading enable young children to do?
It enables young children to establish the phoneme (sounds) and grapheme (letters) correspondence.
Why is it important for a child to understand the phoneme-grapheme correspondence?
As children cannot engage with writing later on if this is not understood.
What is Pseudo-reading?
Where a child reads with an adult, helping the children learn conventions about books and encourages them to enjoy books.
What is the theory of Phonic approach?
The phonic approach focusses on the sounds of letters. When a child encounters a new word, they attempt to read it by ‘sounding out’ the letters - this is where a child learns about diagraphs.
What does Synthetic phonics in the Phonic Approach teach children?
Teaches phonemes independently from reading and once the phonemes have been learnt, they can blend them to produce a word.
What does Analytic phonics in the Phonic Approach teach children?
Analytic phonics do not teach individuals phonemes but instead breaks the word down into sections. Words are divided into onset and rime. This encourages children to locate the patterns with words.
What is the theory of whole word approach?
The whole word approach teaches children to recognize individual words as wholes rather than units of letters or sounds.
What is the theory of helping new readers to read?
- Chronological order
- Spoken language features - alliteration, assonance, balanced sentences, repetition, use of ‘and’, idioms
- Story Grammar - Setting, character, theme, episodes, outcome, evaluation
- Phrasal verbs rather than obscure verbs
- Concreate nouns and avoid pronouns - link to nelson
- Use pictures
- Do not separate subject from verb
- Avoid passive voice
- Avoid ellipsis such as ‘that’
- Pine breaks at the end of sentences
What did Stein and Glenn’s Story Grammar outline and how doe sit link to another theory?
Outlines the basic structure of books that children read. Children pick up the basic structure from books they read with their parents. Once a child has understood this, they can produce their structured writing often by the help of Vygotsky scaffolding/ MKO.
What was the list established by Stein and Glenn’s Story Grammar?
- Setting - introduction of main characters, as well as time and place
- Initiating event - action that sets out a problem for the story
- Internal response - Protagonists reaction to the IE
- Attempt - An action or plan of the protagonist to solve the problem
- Consequence - result of protagonists actions
- Reaction - response by the protagonist to the consequence
What is the theory of Reading Cues - Graphophonic?
Looking at the shape of words and linking hem to familiar graphemes or words to interpret them.
What is the theory of Reading Cues - Semantic?
Understanding the meanings of words and making connections between words.
What is the theory of Reading Cues - Visual?
Looking and pictures and using the visual narrative to interpret unfamiliar words and ideas.
What is the theory of Reading Cues - Syntactic?
Applying knowledge of word order and word classes to work out if a word seems right in the context.
What is the theory of Reading Cues - Contextual?
Searching for understanding in the situation of the story - own experience or pragmatic understanding of social conventions.
What is the theory of Reading Cues - Miscue?
Making errors when reading.
What is the 3 sub-categories for errors in reading?
1) Prediction - we read we naturally predict of what will come
2) Segmentation difficulties - Children will strive to complete a sentence at the end of the line, missing out punctuation in the middle of a line.
3) Ellipsis - Ellipsis can lead to ambiguity.
What was Marie Clay’s theory?
Emergent literacy.
What is stated in Clay’s Emergent literacy?
Said that children’s writing begins to develop long before children can produce formal texts. She said early writing helps children to grasp seven ‘principles’ of development.
What is Clay’s principle - recurring principle?
When a child only knows limited letters and they use this repeatedly to create a message.
What is Clay’s principle - directional principle?
They learn that reading and writing goes from left to right.
What is Clay’s principle - generating principle?
Child learns that there are limited numbers of letters but they can be combined in different ways. Child learns there are patterns used to convey a message.
What is Clay’s principle - inventory principle?
Child begins to write lists of letters and words that he/she knows as a summary of their own learning.
Who expanded on the idea of emergent literacy?
Goodman
What is Goodman’s Functional Principle?
The notion that writing can serve a purpose and has a function for the writer.
What is Goodman’s Linguistic Principle?
Notion that writing is a system that is organized into words and letters and has directionality.
What is Goodman’s Relational Principle?
Children start to connect what they write with spoken words and understand that the alphabet carries meaning.
What are the 10 basic skills for writing?
- Motor skills - learning to hold and control a pen.
- Ability to form letters - uppercase and lowercase.
- Knowing the importance of letter directionality.
- Cursive so they learn how to join phonemes.
- Ability to recognize diagraphs.
- Lineation - ability to write in a straight line.
- Punctuation
- Ability to plan in advance of what they will write.
- Ability to use form or conventions - write letter or story
- Ability to monitor their own writing
What is the theory of stages of children’s writing?
As with speech and reading, children’s development of writing also comes in distinct stages.
What is stage one from the Stages of children’s writing theory?
Drawing and Sign writing - experiment with sign writing which they regard as different from drawing. Start to understand that we use marks on a page to pass ideas from writers to readers.
What is stage two from the Stages of children’s writing theory?
Letter like forms. Signs produced have some letter like forms.
What is stage three from the Stages of children’s writing theory?
Copied letters. Child is able to overwrite, underwrite or copy letter sufficiently accurately for them to be recognized.
What is stage four from the Stages of children’s writing theory?
Child independently writes strings of letters, usually including their own name.
What is stage five from the Stages of children’s writing theory?
Words - Child learns sounds associated with groups of letters represent familiar spoken words. Develop understanding of the principles underlying the use of the alphabet.
What is stage six from the Stages of children’s writing theory?
Sentences. Children learn to write confidently, express ideas in writing that link to several concepts, uses sentences/clauses, do this without using capital letters and full stops.
What is stage seven from the Stages of children’s writing theory?
Text. Involves combining clauses or sentences to express related ideas - understand writing has a structure.
Who created the Seven Stages theory?
Barclay’s
What are Barclay’s Seven stages?
- Scribbling - random marks on a page
- Mock handwriting - often as drawings
- Mock letters - Children make letter-like shapes
- Conventional letters - first word to appear is usually their name
- Invented spelling - begin to cluster letters to make words
- Approximated/phonetic spelling - associate sounds with letters
- Conventional spelling - spellings become more conventional
What other theorist introduced phases?
Kroll - for older children
What was stage one in Kroll’s phases?
Preparatory stage (up to age 6) - Child masters basic motor skills needed to write. Basic principles of the spelling system .
What was stage two in Kroll’s phases?
Consolidation stage (age 7-8) - Child writes the same as they speak, use short declaratives, mainly including ‘and’. Incomplete sentences as the don’t know how to finish the sentence.
What was stage three in Kroll’s phases?
And the refute?
Differentiation (age 9-10) - Child becomes aware of difference between writing and reading, recognizes different writing styles available, child makes loads of mistakes, writing frameworks to structure the work, reflect thoughts and feelings
CRITICISM - Outdated as a child by this can do sufficiently more.
What was stage four in Kroll’s phases?
Integration stage (age 12+) - child develops personal style/ genre, child understands you can change your style according to audience and purpose
What did Vygotsky claim?
Adults can as MKO’S, they provide ‘scaffolding’ and they place children in the ‘zone of proximal development’ - most appropriate category.
What is ‘dear Jenny’ an example of?
Vocative
What is ‘Love from Emily’ and example of?
Validation
What is Rothery’s categories?
He investigated work with young children’s writing in Australia schools - provides a framework for looking at the essential features of children’s writing.
What is Rothery’s categories of observation?
The child makes an observation and follows with an evaluative comment - use declaratives and adjectives.
What is Rothery’s categories of Recount?
Usually a chronological order of series of events - first person. Developing sentence structures such as fronted adverbials.
What is Rothery’s categories of Report?
A factual or objective description of events or things - likely to be 3rd person.
What is Rothery’s categories of Narrative?
A story genre where the is set for events to occur and resolved at the end.
Who links to Rothery’s categories?
Britton’s Modes
What is Britton’s mode of expressive?
Writing about personal experiences or feelings. Similar to Rothery - observation.
What is Britton’s mode of poetic?
Encourages creativity and fun, such as rhyme, rhythm and alliteration - descriptive devices such as adjectives/ similes are common. Rule based mode - accuracy. Creative model - express language through creativity
What is Britton’s mode of Transactional?
Academic essays - third person
What is a diagraph?
Two letters that make one sound - ‘sh’,’ch’,’ph’.
What is a homophone?
2 words that sound the same, however they’re spelt differently.
What is the theory of Stages of Spelling Development - stage one?
Pre-phonemic - before phonemes
1. Pretend writing
2. Random writing on page letters, symbols and letters
3. Repetition of familiar letters
4. Left to right directionality
5. Random sight words
What is the theory of Stages of Spelling Development - stage two?
Semiphonetic
1. Leave random spaces in writing
2. Few known words in correct places
3. Letter-sound correspondence
What is the theory of Stages of Spelling Development - stage three?
Phonetic - phoneme/ grapheme correspondence
1. Understand that all sounds can be linked to a grapheme
2. Vowels are omitted when not heard
3. Spaces words correctly
4. Letter are strictly assigned on the basis of sound
What is the theory of Stages of Spelling Development - stage four?
Transitional
1. Combines phonetic knowledge with visual memory
2. Vowels appear in every syllable
3. Silent ‘e’ becomes fixed
4. Inflectional endings like ‘s, ing’ are used
5. Common letter sequences are used (diagraphs)
6. Child moves towards visual spelling
7. May include all letters but some being reversed
What is the theory of Stages of Spelling Development - stage five?
Conventional
1. Spells most words correctly
use this when stating if spelling is important
What is Categories of spelling errors - insertion?
Adding extra letters
What is Categories of spelling errors - Omission?
Leaving out letters
What is Categories of spelling errors - substitution?
Wrong letter in place of another
What is Categories of spelling errors - transposition?
Letters in the wrong order
What is Categories of spelling errors - phonetic spelling?
Guess letters which might come based off sounds
What is Categories of spelling errors - over-generalization?
Overapplying certain rules such as the magic ‘e’.
What is Categories of spelling errors - under-generalization?
Underapplying certain rules such as not using the magic ‘e’ enough.
What is Categories of spelling errors - salient sounds?
Spelling words based off the key sounds they hear.
What is the theory Attitudes to write - The Creative model?
- Children should be allowed to experiment creatively.
- Should not be strictly corrected
- Learn by trial and error
- This approach makes children less afraid of writing and making mistakes
What is the theory Attitudes to write - The Rule-Based model?
- When a child understand the rules of spelling, grammar and punctuation - their progress is more rapid
- Young writers are able to produce texts of which are comprehensible and appropriate for the audience and makes the purpose of their writing more easily understandable.
Which approach is British education now based upon - Abott 1999?
British education is currently based upon the rule-based approach, with some claiming this over-emphasizes ‘correct’ Standard English - stifling an individuals patterns and idiolect.
Some claim rule-based is better for Britton’s Transactional Writing and the creative approach is much more better for Britton’s Poetic Writing.
What is the theory of role of adults?
Adults such as parents and teachers have a great influence on a child’s ability to read and write. If children see reading and writing as fun and enjoyable they’re more likely to do and get better at it.
What do adults provide to children when it comes to reading and writing?
Adults provide ‘scaffolding’ to help children write such as opening sentences. This links to Vygotsky’s claim.
What feedback do adults give to children when learning to read or write?
Adults give feedback on how to improve writing. This links to B.F.Skinners theory of operant conditioning.
What is included in lexical development in the theory of A Development Model?
- Children start with monosyllabic lexis in order for it to be easier to understand the phoneme-grapheme correspondence.
- Three letter - consonant-vowel=consonant - are most common such as dog, cat, mum, dad
- As child develops lexis becomes more varied and challenging - polysyllabic lexis
- They’ll begin to employ subject-specific lexis
What is included in grammatical development in the theory of A Development Model?
- Child progresses from simple to complex sentences
- Initially, child only uses declaratives but then moves onto imperatives, interrogatives and exclamations.
- Older children may use passive voice - essay writing
What is included in syntax development in the theory of A Development Model?
- Sub-ord clauses may be fronted
- SVOCA initially is rigid but becomes more flexible as they get older.
