Child Language Development Flashcards
What is Behaviourism and who was it created by?
- Created by B.F Skinner
- Works on the idea of Classical Conditioning
- Skinner box experiments can be extended to CLD
- Children imitate for praise and want to avoid disapproval for wrong language
What is Nativism and who was it created by?
- Created by Noam Chomsky
- Emphasis on nature, not nurture
- We are all born with a LAD, which works out universal grammar
- Language input is needed to stimulate the LAD, but parental input is poor
What is Child Directed Speech and who was it created by?
- Created by Catherine Snow
- Shows that parents help their children to work out language
- Simplifies many features of language to help children acquire
- Opposes Nativism and suggests that input is very important
What is Usage Based Theory and who was it created by?
- Created by Michael Tomasello
- Suggests that innate pattern finding ability extends to CLD
- Children start with small, reliable pockets of language
- Child language is built from the bottom up
What is Cognitive Theory and who was it created by?
- Created by Jean Piaget
- At ages 2-7, children are in the selfish ‘preoperational’ stage
- Lexical development centres around a child’s own life
- Language development happens alongside cognitive development
What is Social Interactionist Theory and who was it created by?
- Created by Jerome Bruner
- Instead of a LAD, there is a LASS, consisting of parents and carers
- The LASS provides support by scaffolding language
- Scaffolding and repetition help children to develop linguistic ability
What is a proto-word?
A word that has one meaning, but a child applies it to many different things
What is consonant assimilation?
Turning all or most of the consonants in a word into the same sound
What is segmentation?
Separating one word from another, which young children struggle with
What are Gestalt expressions?
When a child puts multiple words together in a single word, for example ‘hairbandin’
What is deictic language?
Language that is used to point things out
What is addition?
Adding vowel sounds onto the end of words
What is final consonant deletion?
Leaving out the last consonant of a word, usually due to children not hearing adults emphasise final consonants
What is reduplication?
Repeating the same word twice to describe a noun, for example, choo-choo to name a train
What is substitution?
Certain sounds, such as fricatives, are harder for children to pronounce so they may change those sounds to plosives, for example
What is consonant cluster reduction?
Children find groups of multiple consonants difficult, so will remove certain difficult clusters
What is deletion of unstressed syllables?
Deleting unstressed syllables due to the child not hearing them, or not seeing enough of them to accurately copy the syllables
What is consonant assimilation?
To make a word easier to pronounce, a child will change all of the consonants in the word to the same sound, without changing anything else
What are expansions?
Longer utterances of a child’s language, for example, if a child says ‘chair’ the adult will say ‘it’s on the chair’, these are used to indirectly correct the child’s language
What is fronting?
Sounds are brought to the front of the mouth, which makes them easier to pronounce
What is stopping?
A child replaces a fricative consonant with a stop consonant, which is easier to pronounce
What is gliding?
When liquid sounds (‘l’ or ‘r’) are replaced by glides (‘w’ or ‘j’), which are easier to see and replicate
What is vocalisation?
A vowel will replace a consonant in a word, making it easier to pronounce
What is vowel epenthesis?
Can sometimes happen when children encounter a difficult consonant cluster, putting a vowel in between two consonants, for example, ‘blue’ turns into ‘belu’
