Child language acquisition Flashcards
Nelson 1973
Holophrastic stage- children whose mothers corrected themselves advanced slower than those whose didn’t
Aitchison 1987
Labelling- linking sound and object
Packaging- understanding a words range of meanings
Bancroft 1996
Peek a boo parallels-
Turn taking
Response
Common purpose and understand sequence
Pleasure
Berko + Brown 1960
‘Fis’ phonomenon- childs understanding of phonemes occurs earlier than ability to produce these phonemes
—— linguistic comprehension precedes linguistic production—————
Could perceive phoneme /sh/ as different from /s/
Berko 1958
Add -s suffix automatically
Clarke and Stewart 1973
Children w/ talkative parents have a larger vocabulary
Yousef 1991
Children in Trinidad use different varieties of English in different social situations
Janet- 3 yrs 9 months
Mother- 100% SE
Helper- less SE
Brother- Least SE
Cruttenden 1974
Football results-
Intonation used in 1st teams score- adults correctly picked home win, away win or draw
Children 7-11 largely unsuccessful
Skinner
Behaviourism
- positive reinforcement
Learn to speak by imitating parents and reward/ punishment in response
Chomsky
Innateness
Babies are born w/ innate structure of Lang- speeds up learning of native lang—- when hear examples, for these into their unconscious mental model of how Lang works —- LAD McNeil
Piaget
Cognitive
Language development links to cognitive development, until object size, permanence (still exists even if not seen) concepts, cannot grasp words eg ‘more than’ ‘gone’.
Bruner
Social interactionist
Lang is social- use to get what they want, play games, stay connected with those who they are dependent upon
Lang development enriched according to the quantity and quality of their social interaction with adults—- can only learn social pragmatics through adults
Lenneberg
Critical period
Human brain designed to acquire Lang at certain time (I.e first five years) - once passed, normal Lang development not possible
-genie
Phonemic simplification
Deletion—— banana- nana
Substitution——- r-w, th-d,n,f, t-d, p-b
18 months, 2, 5, 7 vocabulary
18 months- 50, understood 250
2- 200
5- 2000
7- 4000
Underextension
Overextension
Under- word given narrower meaning ‘cat’ for family pet, not all cats
Over- given broader meaning ‘daddy’ for all men, ‘dog’ for all 4 legged animals
Bloom 1973
‘Mummy sock’
Phonemic expansion and contraction
During babbling expands
9-10 months - no produced contracts- restricted to native Lang
— adults have successfully identified babies from own countries
Two word stage
S+V, S+O
18 months, usually grammatically correct sequence
Grammatical function words commonly omitted
Possession, action, location
‘Mummy car’, ‘Paul eat’, ‘teddy bed’
One word stage
12-18 months
Naming function
Holophrases- ‘juice’
Convey more complex meanings
Telegraphic stage
Age 2- 3 and 4 word utterances, some grammatically complete
S+V+O
‘Lucy likes tea’
S+V+A
‘Mummy sleeps upstairs’
Omit elements eg determiners auxiliary verbs prepositions
Post telegraphic stage
3- regular determiner usage
More than one clause appears
Coordinating conjunctions used ‘and’
Dell hymes
Communicative competence
- when to speak
- how to respond
- appropriate register
Halliday’s taxonomy
INSTRUMENTAL REGULATORY INTERACTIONAL PERSONAL HEURISTIC IMAGINATIVE REPRESENTATIONAL
CDS
*** Not all cultures use CDS, still go through same developmental stages at roughly same time —- as long as exposure to Lang
Nonstandard form used by adults in talking to toddlers or infants
- catches attention easier
- helps with emotional bonding
- some reduce adult discomfort eg wee wee poo poo icky beddy bye
PHONOLOGY OF CDS
Separate phrases more distinctly Slowly Exaggerated sing song intonation Higher and wider pitch range More commands, questions and tag questions
EXPANSIONS
RECASTINGS
Expansion- adult fills out child’s utterance
Recasting- childs vocab put into new utterance
PRAGMATICS OF CDS
Lots of gesture and body lang
Stop frequently for child to respond
Supportive Lang
LEXIS AND SEMANTICS CDS
Use child’s name repeatedly, absence of pronouns
Adopt child’s own words for things - sickle rabbit
Concrete nouns, dynamic verbs
