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English Language > Child Language Acquisition > Flashcards

Child Language Acquisition Flashcards

1
Q

What are human languages referred to as?

A

Natural Languages

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2
Q

2 elements of language development

A

Language pathology
Language pedagogy

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3
Q

What is language pedagogy?

A

The theories and techniques of teaching language

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4
Q

5 elements of identification and interpretation in fluent speech

A

speech segmentation
phonology
syntactic categorisation
syntax, semantics
pragmatics

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5
Q

By what age is much of the linguistic system already known?

A

4 years old

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6
Q

What is proof that language is not learned purely through imitation

A

. most sentences are novel
. bad at imitating if they don’t know all the words

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7
Q

Children extract ___ & make ____

A

extract patterns and make generalisations

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8
Q

Which kind of errors do parents often not correct?

A

syntactic errors

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9
Q

Implicit Correction/Recast

A

the parents provide a good example of language use for children

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10
Q

____ et al. (__) found children learned more quickly when they were given ___

A

Saxon & et al. (1998)
recasts

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11
Q

What are these elements of?
. interpretable melodies
. exaggerated prosodic features
. topics about the present
. very few grammatical errors
. gestures
. repetitive speech
. expansion of children’s utterances
. tuned to the level of linguistic complexity that a child can handle

A

Motherese/ Child Directed Speech

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12
Q

Importance of Child Directed Speech

A

. promotes the acquisition of the fundamental cognitive and social psychological capacities

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13
Q

Child Language Acquisition research methods (7)

A

. diary studies
. child language data exchange system
. standardised assessments of children’s performance
. Peabody picture vocabulary test
. act-out tasks
. pointing tasks
. grammaticality judgement tasks

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14
Q

Some ‘hidden rules’ that may be difficult for children to learn? (3)

A

. Non interchangeability of ‘want to’ and ‘going to’ contracted forms
. island violation in question formation
. binding principles

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15
Q

At what age do children have awareness of the ‘is’ auxiliary dependence on -ing ending?

A

20 months

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16
Q

Children try to learn _______ rules

A

descriptivist hidden rules

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17
Q

What is Piaget’s Theory of Conservation?

A

the same entity will remain the same, no matter the array

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18
Q

Why are these tests important?:

. Wheldall and Poborca (1980) - can conserve when tested using novel, non-verbal method
. Rose and Blank (1974) - asking the question twice

A

Two tests that demonstrated the weaknesses of Piaget’s Theory of Conservation test with children

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19
Q

What is Computational Modelling?

A

Creation of a computer program that implements some learning theory’s ideas about how acquisition works

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20
Q

Chomsky’s 1957: Syntactic Structures innovation

A

what speakers do is not as interesting as the mental grammar that underlies what speakers do

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21
Q

information from the environment -> ____ -> language acquisition

A

Language Acquisition Device

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22
Q

Universal Grammar approach

A

LAD contains some domain-specific knowledge about the structure of language

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23
Q

Poverty of the Stimulus

A

input is too impoverished for children to converge on the right language rules

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24
Q

Domain-general approach

A

language acquisition is no different from any other kind of knowledge acquisition

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25
Q

Saffran, Aslin, Newport (1996): research showed ____ can unconsciously track probabilities between ____ in order to identify words in ____ in an artificial language?

A

8 month olds
syllables
fluent speech

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26
Q

Roseberry, Richie, Hirsh-Pasek, Golinkoff, Shipley (2012): research showed ____ are able to track probabilities between ____?

A

8 month olds
dynamic events

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27
Q

Ferguson, Franconeri, Waxman (2018): research showed _____ are able to unconsciously track probabilities between visual objects?

A

3 and 4 month old infants

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28
Q

Kidd & Arciuli 2016: children’s ____ learning proficiency is linked to their individual _____ proficiency

A

individual statistical
grammatical

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29
Q

What is the nativist approach of CLA?

A

children acquire language rapidly
. very little conscious effort
. without explicit instruction for most of it

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30
Q

What is the domain specific approach?

A

The acquisition of language and mathematical skill is genetically, neurologically, and computationally independent

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31
Q

Generativist Approach

A

Universal Grammar
Domain-Specific
. language experience triggers prior knowledge

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32
Q

Constructionist Approach

A

Domain-General
. language constructed using general cognitive learning procedures applied to language input

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33
Q

Empiricist Approach

A

Nothing is innate

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34
Q

1+ things innate = ___

A

nativist

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35
Q

at least one innate thing is ____

A

domain-general

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36
Q

0 innate things domain specific =

A

constructionist

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37
Q

1+ innate things domain-specific =

A

generativist

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38
Q

Positive Evidence Help

A

produce more items which are in the (infinite) set

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39
Q

Negative Evidence Help

A

which items are absent from the (infinite) set

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40
Q

Language learning is the generalisation from a _____ to an ____

A

finite subset
infinite set

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41
Q

The input children receive when learning their language is….

A

finite

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42
Q

Examples of Negative Evidence help (4)

A

. explicit disapproval
. non sequiturs
. repetitions
. recasts

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43
Q

Feedback is not a clear indicator of what?

A

ungrammaticality

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44
Q

Bohannon and Stanowicz 1988:
. parents gave feedback after ungrammatical sentences ____
. grammatical sentences ___

A

35%
14%

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45
Q

Which evidence do children ignore or misinterpret?

A

negative evidence

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46
Q

What does modern nativism believe is most important?

A

biology

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47
Q

What does modern empiricism think is most important?

A

experience

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48
Q

Strong Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

A

determines the thoughts you think

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49
Q

Weak Sapir-Whorf/ Neo-Whorfian hypothesis?

A

some influence on the thoughts you think

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50
Q

Language is a ____ system that can help with _____

A

symbolic system that can help with cognitive off-loading

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51
Q

Theory of Mind

A

others can have different points of view
potentially even different from reality

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52
Q

What is the Sentential Complement?

A

Embedded sentence, follows a sentential complement verb

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53
Q

Three aspects to evaluating a truth value

A

Syntactic Knowledge
Social Cognitive Knowledge
Bridge

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54
Q

What is Syntactic Knowledge in respect of a truth value?

A

the knowledge that some verbs can take sentential complements

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55
Q

What is Social Cognitive Knowledge in respect of a truth value?

A

the knowledge that other people can have a false belief

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56
Q

What is a Bridge in respect of a truth value?

A

connection between syntactic form and expression of potentially false beliefs

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57
Q

Example of a false belief task?

A

Unseen Displacement

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58
Q

At which average age do children complete the unseen displacement task correctly?

A

4-5 year olds

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59
Q

At what age do children understand mental verbs can take a whole sentence as their object?

A

four years old

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60
Q

Children’s production of mental state verbs coincides with what?

A

children’s capacity to represent two worlds: their own and someone else’s mental world

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61
Q

Children can use evidence from verbs like ‘say’ to generalise to verbs like ‘think’ and ‘believe’. What is this?

A

Syntactic Bootstrapping

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62
Q

Theory of Mind links to ___

A

executive function

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63
Q

Children must be able to suppress their own ____

A

internal representation

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64
Q

Training studies of _____ lead to improved false belief performance

A

executive function

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65
Q

Verbal Overshadowing

A

a technique that interrupts subconscious use of language for cognitive off-loading

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66
Q

__ year-olds can pass a false belief task when they are tested ____

A

2
indirectly

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67
Q

Two issues with standard false belief tasks

A

. often use mental state verbs to indicate level of certainty (usually assumed to be true)
. children <4 use these verbs assuming them to be true

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68
Q

Lewis, Hacquard, & Lidz
(2012, 2017): what did they conclude helps children do better at passing false belief tasks?

A

children are made aware that the beliefs themselves are being questioned

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69
Q

Harrigan, Hacquard, Lidz (2018): “… we find that __-year-olds successfully interpret ___ sentences… ability to represent conflicting desires is adult-like at this age”

A

3-year-olds
want

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70
Q

What was the goal of Choi et al. (1999)?

A

to determine whether 18-23-month-old infants are able to show sensitivity to language-specific principles of semantic organisation

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71
Q

What was the methodology of Choi et al. (1999)?

A

preferential-looking paradigm

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72
Q

How does preferential-looking paradigm work?

A

. eye tracking
. two tv screens of different images
. get babies familiar with which images will appear on screen
. analyse which images they look at, and for how long, when given a promptq

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73
Q

What did McDonough et al. (2000) find out when researching Korean-speaking adults and English-speaking adults?

A

. found that Korean-speaking adults looked longer at the kind of spatial relation they had been familiarised with
. can pick ‘the odd one out’

74
Q

What did McDonough et al. (2000) find out when researching prelinguistic infants?

A

. distinguished between tight and loose-fit scenes

75
Q

English mainly uses _____ metaphors to talk about time

A

horizontal spatial metaphors

76
Q

Mandarin has _____ and ____ metaphors for time

A

horizontal and vertical spatial

77
Q

The strategy and subjects of Boroditsky’s 2001 research ‘Does Language Shape Thought?’

. prime subjects for ______
. give them _____
. do it all in ____
. ____ monolinguals and ________ bilinguals

A

. prime subjects for horizontal or vertical thinking
. give them a temporal judgements
. do it all entirely in English
. English monolinguals and Mandarin-English bilinguals

78
Q

In the follow-up to Boroditsky’s 2001 experiment in which English speakers were trained to use vertical time words, what were the results?

A

. increased horizontal prime reaction time
. significantly reduced vertical prime reaction time
. more like Mandarin speakers

79
Q

Critical period for language

A

biologically determined period during which language acquisition must occur in order for language to be learned fully and correctly
. limited time which certain development can occur

80
Q

Sensitive period for language

A

biologically determined period during which learning must occur for development to happen correctly, but development can still occur partially after this period
. window of time where certain aspects are more easily achieved

81
Q

What would be the ideal experiment to test for a critical period of language acquisition?

A

deprive children of all linguistic input

82
Q

What was the potential implication taken from the case of ‘Isabelle’, who was taught to speak and by age 8 appeared normal?

A

. implies Isabelle was discovered before critical/sensitive period was over

83
Q

In which skill did ‘Genie’ lag behind?

A

syntactic skill, in production and comprehension

84
Q

Which hemisphere is language typically an activity in?

A

left-hemisphere

85
Q

What is the potential implication of the case of ‘Genie’?

A

may have been discovered after the critical period was over

86
Q

What skills did ‘Chelsea’, fitted with hearing aids at 31, lack?

A

poor syntax and morphology skills
but had a large vocabulary

87
Q

If a critical or sensitive period is true, what should also be true?

A

children who learn earlier should be better than children who learned later

88
Q

The age of ____ has an impact on:

. ____ acquisition
. narrative comprehension
. ____ memory
. sentence interpretation
. online _____ processing

A

ASL acquisition
syntactic
sentence
grammatical

89
Q

What did Henner, Caldwell-Harris, Novogrodsky, and Hoffmeister find as input effects in their research on the different ages of ASL acquisition?

A

. poorer performance when you don’t have a deaf parent at home to give ASL input
. poorer performance the older you are when you first enter the signing school

90
Q

What are the implications of Henner. et al (2016) research on children’s acquisition?

A

age of systematic language exposure matters
the older you are, the harder it is to achieve native proficiency

91
Q

What did the functional magnetic resonance imaging studies confirm in multilinguals?

A

different neural processing for language
in individuals who learned before age 8 v people who learned after

92
Q

What did the event-related potential studies confirm?

A

differing left-hemisphere specialisation for language
in individuals who learned <4 v individuals who learned >7

93
Q

___ and certain aspects of ___ seem to be set earlier while ____ knowledge seems to remain attainable for quite some time

A

phonology
morphosyntax
lexical

94
Q

What is the estimated learning rate cut-off for second-language proficiency?

A

17(.4) years old

95
Q

Sensitive period shape

A

a plateau followed by a continuous decline

96
Q

Why are younger children better at acquiring language?

A

highly adaptable learners
not yet strongly adapted to their particular linguistic environment

97
Q

What is Newport’s ‘less is more’ hypothesis?

A

. perhaps language is easier to figure out if the input is limited to smaller chunks
. limitation on the way children process input leads to better learning performance

98
Q

What were the results of the Chin & Kersten 2010 ‘less is more’ research?

A

. adults learning incrementally outperformed adults learning from full sentences on language proficiency tests of vocabulary and grammar

99
Q

What were the results of the Finn. et al 2014 artificial language listening task?

A

passive listeners outdid the active listeners when it came to learning morphology

100
Q

Pidgin

A

language created by adults from different language backgrounds who need to communicate with each other

101
Q

Creole

A

if children acquire a pidgin as their native language, they create a creole

102
Q

What tells us this about language acquisition?

. the existence of language in a community does not depend on someone importing a language for a community to learn
. when children acquire language, they sometimes add something extra
. ____ tend to share the same features, suggesting human minds tend to construct languages in the same way

A

creoles

103
Q

Homesign system

A

basic communication system created within a family that involves at least one linguistically deaf individual

104
Q

A language ability shared by adult signers and homesigners: they use combinations of linguistic elements like __, ___, and ___ in a ___ manner

A

nouns, demonstratives, possessives
productive

105
Q

Homesigners distinguish ___ and ___
Homesigners do not use ______ of their caretakers

A

nouns, verbs
the word order

106
Q

Homesigners distinguish between __ and ___

A

nouns
demonstratives

107
Q

Homesigners produce more _____

A

sentences with multiple clauses

108
Q

What does homesign tell us about language

A

. create their own systematic uses of gestures
. seem to be some biases in the way these systematic gestural systems develop

109
Q

What are the implications for language acquisition, in Nicaraguan Sign Language?

A

(young) children are the driving force of language creation

110
Q

Language Bioprogram Hypothesis

A

Derek Bickerton
. structural similarities between different creole languages cannot be solely attributed to their superstrate and substrate languages
innate domain-specific knowledge

111
Q

Blind children make more errors with sounds that involve ____

A

visible articulatory movements

112
Q

Blind children have fewer words for ____ and more words for ____

A

. things can be seen but not touched
. things associated with auditory change

113
Q

What did Bedny et. al (2019) conclude in their research regarding language acquisition of blind children?

. have detailed knowledge of ____ verbs
. _____ development same as that of sighted children

A

. have detailed knowledge of visual perception verbs
. syntactic development same as that of sighted children

114
Q

What do the studies of blind children language acquisition imply?

A

. language development builds on nonverbal communication
. access meanings of sentences from observable non-linguistic context
. nonlinguistic clues are helpful, but not necessary

115
Q

Features of Signed Languages (4)

A

. handshape
. palm orientation
. location
. motion

116
Q

Manual tradition of language acquisition for deaf children

A

. teach sign language exclusively

117
Q

Oral tradition of language acquisition for deaf children

A

. force to learn spoken language
. delayed linguistic input
. potentially better communication with non-signers

118
Q

What errors do deaf children make in spoken language acquisition?

. ____ errors in morphology
. ignoring ________
. _____ reversal errors

A

. overregularization errors in morphology
. ignoring parental corrections of form
. pronoun reversal errors

119
Q

Delays in the oral language development of deaf children

. ____ development
. oral vocabulary
. ___
. _______

A

. phonological development
. oral vocabulary
. syntax
. cognitive offloading

120
Q

What is implied by the studies of language acquisition by deaf children?

. language is ____
. acquiring a __________ is a separate cognitive enterprise from ______
. children have ______ proficiency in their signed language

A

. language is a property of the human brain
. acquiring a formal grammatical system is a separate cognitive enterprise from learning how to communicate
. children have native-level proficiency in their signed language

121
Q

What are the fissures in the brain?

A

. sylvian fissure
. central fissure

122
Q

Where is auditory perception focused in the brain?

A

. temporal lobe

123
Q

For right-handed people, where is language lateralized?

A

. left hemisphere

124
Q

What are the hemispheres of the brain connected by?

A

corpus callosum

125
Q

Lesion method of neurolinguistic investigation

A

. localized areas of damaged brain tissue
. correlate bits of missing brain & bits of missing psychological functioning

126
Q

EEG/ERP method of neuroimaging

A

. voltage fluctuation in response to particular stimuli

127
Q

Positives of EEG/ERP

. not ____
. relatively ____
. ____
. excellent ____

A

not too expensive
relatively undemanding and non-invasive
noiseless
excellent temporal resolution

128
Q

MEG method of neuroimaging

A

magnetic field changes

129
Q

Negatives of EEG/ERP

A

. sensitive to movement
. poor information about location in the brain

130
Q

Positives of MEG

. excellent ____ and ____
. _____
. __ and ___

A

excellent temporal and spatial resolution
head tracking
safe and noiseless

131
Q

Negatives of MEG

. ____
. not ____
. has to be used in _____

A

expensive
not portable
has to be used in magnetically shielded room

132
Q

fMRI method of neuroimaging

A

tracks blood flow, magnetic properties

133
Q

Positives of fMRI

A

. excellent spatial resolution

134
Q

Negatives of fMRI

. poor ______
. extremely ________
. ______ needed
. _____

A

. poor temporal resolution
. extremely movement sensitive
. noise protectors needed
. expensive

135
Q

NIRS method of neuroimaging

A

. transmission of light through brain tissue affected by haemoglobin concentration changes

136
Q

Positives of NIRS

. moderate ___
. good _______
. _____

A

moderate price
good spatial resolution
noiseless

137
Q

Negatives of NIRS

A

sensitive to movement

138
Q

What is Broca’s area in the brain?

A

Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus

139
Q

What is Wernicke’s area in the brain?

A

Posterior Superior Temporal Gyrus

140
Q

left hemisphere damage can result in ____ for signers

A

aphasia

141
Q

The symptoms of Broca’s aphasia

A

. speech lacks grammatical function
. difficulty comprehending sentences with complex syntax

142
Q

Symptoms of Wernicke’s aphasia

A

. syntactically full but semantically empty
comprehension difficulties

143
Q

Which type of aphasia are children more likely to suffer from?

A

Broca-type (non-fluent)

144
Q

What do the differences between child and adult aphasia suggest?

A

suggests that within the left hemisphere, developmental changes affect the way language functions are organised

145
Q

What is the right hemisphere more involved in?

A

language acquisition

146
Q

Early right hemisphere damage impairs _____ more than late damage impairs _____

A

acquisition
functioning

147
Q

By what age do children with very early brain injury catch up to normal range on standardized tests of language

A

5-7

148
Q

Children’s quick recovery from early brain injury may be due to _____

A

neural plasticity

149
Q

In which children are these signs expressed:
. less attention-sharing behaviours
. rarely point at object
. less time looking at eyes and mouth regions of speaking faces

A

Autistic children

150
Q

Autistic children have impairments in _____ aspects of language

A

social/pragmatic

151
Q

Pragmatics

A

discerning meaning in specific context

152
Q

‘form is easy, meaning is hard’ hypothesis

A

. discovery and abstraction of grammatical forms can occur prior to complete establishment of their meanings

153
Q

Aspects of lexical development autistic children that deviate:

. ____ terms and ____ words underrepresented
. higher production of _____ verbs
. don’t seem to have a _____
. impaired _____

A

. mental state terms and emotion words underrepresented
. there is a higher production of ‘general-all-use’ verbs
. don’t seem to have a shape bias
. impaired categorical induction

154
Q

What is a key element for building social communication abilities?

A

brain responses to mother’s voice

155
Q

CHILDES

A

Child Language Data Exchange System

156
Q

Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test

A

listens to word, and selects one of four pictures that best describes it

157
Q

MLU

A

mean length of utterance

158
Q

MacArthur-Bates CDIs

A

measure of developing expressive vocabulary
vocabulary comprehension
production
gestures
grammar

159
Q

Elicited production

A

give the participants the beginning of a target sentence, participants are then asked to complete

160
Q

Elicited imitation

A

child asked to repeat utterance that is modelled by the examiner

161
Q

Syntactic Priming

A

facilitation of processing
when a sentence has the same syntactic form as a preceding sentence

162
Q

Language Acquisition Device

A

a system of principles that children are born with that help them learn language

163
Q

Statistical learning

A

ability to extract statistical regularities in order to learn about the environment

164
Q

Induction Problems

A

questions reasons for believing the future will resemble the past
/questions predictions about unobserved things based on previous observations

165
Q

What do modern nativists believe is the most important aspect in language acquisition?

A

biology

166
Q

What do modern empiricists believe is the most important aspect in language acquisition?

A

experience

167
Q

Plato’s Problem

A

finding an explanation for how a child acquires language despite not receiving explicit instruction, and limited primary linguistic data

168
Q

Logical Problem of Language Acquisition

A

the gap between available experience and attained competence

169
Q

cognitive off-loading

A

reliance on the external environment in order to reduce cognitive demand

170
Q

Premise of a false belief task

A

distinguish between the child’s belief and the child’s awareness of someone else’s (false) belief

171
Q

Syntactic Bootstrapping: children learn ____ by recognising ____ and the structure of their language

A

word meanings
syntactic categories

172
Q

ASL

A

American Sign Language

173
Q

Iconicity

A

relationship of resemblance with the form and meaning of a sign

174
Q

cochlear implants

A

electrically stimulates the cochlear nerve, providing a sensation of hearing

175
Q

ASD

A

Autism Spectrum Disorder

176
Q

neurolinguistics

A

the study of how language is represented in the brain
. how and where our brains store our knowledge of the language(s) that we speak

177
Q

Which lobe of the brain carries out these functions?
. emotions
. decision making
. planning

A

frontal lobe

178
Q

Which lobe of the brain carries out these functions?
. bodily sensation
. sensory integration
. spatial orientation

A

parietal lobe

179
Q

Which lobe of the brain carries out these functions?
. vision

A

occipital lobe

180
Q

Which lobe of the brain carries out these functions?
. auditory perception
. memory
. emotion

A

temporal lobe

181
Q

lateralization of language

A

one hemisphere shows greater involvement in language functions
typically left hemisphere

182
Q

contralateral connections

A

hemispheres of the brain control the opposite sides of the body

English Language (2 decks)

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