CHILD LANGUAGE Flashcards
Key points on behaviourism?
Made by Skinner.
- > believed children acquire language by imitating their parents/adults
- > introducted operant conditioning
- > positive reinforcement- encouraging the child and praising them in order for them to learn
- > negative reinforcement- giving negative feedback/lack of feedback in order to prevent any errors.
AGAINST behaviourism?
- > The wug test used plural ‘wugs’ on word theyve never heard before
- > virtual errors/overgeneralisation = wouldnt make errors if they were copying
- > overextensions - wouldnt make errors
KEY POINTS ON INNATENESS?
Made by Chomsky.
- > Children are already born with ability to acquire language themselves. language is innate.
- > LAD language acquisition device
- > Babbling supports this as babies around the word babble in same way.
- > Wug experiment supports this as plural
- > Virtual errors as they are trying to figure it out themsleves.
AGAINST innateness?
-> They did not acknowledge the need of interaction and input - Genie - locked up 13 years - didnt acquire language.
key points on cognitive?
Made by Piaget.
- > Children need to understand concepts before they can use appropiate language.
- > Believed children develop their own understanding through exploring and questioning the world around them.
- > Tenses, sizes and positions are needed to be present before language can reflect this.
Key points for interaction?
Made by Bruner.
- > Rejected Chomsky’s LAD and focused on the importance of the childs caregivers input as the key to the childs language development.
- > LASS language acquisition support system
- > Scaffolding -> is support provided by the caregiver through modelling how language out to take place in order to help the childs language development.
Proco words?
make up words which children use to represent a word they may not know how to pronounce e.g ray rays for raisins
5 stages children move through for spoken language?
Pre verbal stage, holophrastic stage, two word stage, telegraphic stage, post-telegraphic stage
What is the pre verbal stage?
Period of time which involves experimenting with different noises and sounds but without producing recognisable words.
- cooing -> distinctive from crying, not yet forming vowels and consanents
- babbling -> vocal play that involves forming vowel and consonant sounds which can be repeated e.g poo poo
Holophrastic stage?
When a child uses just individual words to communicate
- Addition = mummy and daddy instead of mum and dad.
Two word stage?
when a child begins to put two words together e.g kick ball
Telegraphic stage?
When a childs utterances will be 3 words or more, might still be an omission of words.
- content words = words witin a sentence which are vital to convey meaning
Post-telegraphic stage?
When a childs language will contain both content and grammatical words which closely resemble an adults speech.
Over extension?
when a child might use a word more broadly to describe things e.g calling all men ‘daddy’
Underextension?
Where a child might use a word more narrowly when describing something without knowing the full meaning e.g calling only green apples apples, not red ones.
Hypernym
Generic term for a word e.g animal
Hyponym
More specific word within a hypernym e.g cat
Superlative?
An adjective/adverb which expresses highest degree of quality e.g ‘loudest’
look and say approach?
Encourages readers to look at words as a whole in order to read them.
