Child Language

Question 1

What stage takes place at 0-4 months in the pre-verbal stage and what features does it have?

Answer 1

The Vegetative Stage. Reflexive and biological sounds.

Question 2

What stage takes place at 4-7 months in the pre-verbal stage and what features does it have?

Answer 2

The Cooing Stage. Random vocal play.

Question 3

What stage takes place at 6-12 months in the pre-verbal stage and what features does it have?

Answer 3

The Babbling Stage. Repeated babbling sounds.

Question 4

What stage takes place at 9-12 months in the pre-verbal stage and what features does it have?

Answer 4

The Protoword Stage. Word-like sounds.

Question 5

What is deletion?

Answer 5

Babies miss out consonants at the end of words.

Question 6

What is substitution?

Answer 6

Babies substitute one sound for another.

Question 7

What is addition?

Answer 7

Babies often add an extra vowel to the end of a word.

Question 8

What is reduplication?

Answer 8

Babies repeat a whole syllable.

Question 9

What is consonant cluster reduction?

Answer 9

Babies miss out a consonant when they occur in groups.

Question 10

What is deletion of unstressed syllables?

Answer 10

Unstressed syllables are missed out.

Question 11

What is the Holophrastic Stage?

Answer 11

At about the age of one, children begin to use their first real words. At this age, children use one word to act as if it is a whole phrase. This is called a holophrase.

Question 12

What four categories did Katherine Nelson’s study classify a child’s first 50 words into?

Answer 12

Naming things eg ball, dog, shoe (60%)
Personal/social eg yes, hi, no (8%)
Actions/events eg give, put, up
Modifying eg dirty, good, big

Question 13

Which stage comes after the Holophrastic Stage?

Answer 13

The Two-word Stage.

Question 14

Describe the Two-word Stage.

Answer 14

At about 17 months, children learn that two words can be linked to create a relationship between them. This begins their understanding of syntax.

Question 15

What stage comes after the Two-word Stage?

Answer 15

The Telegraphic Stage.

Question 16

List Dore’s functions.

Answer 16

Labelling
Repeating
Answering
Requesting Action
Calling
Greeting
Protesting
Practicing

Question 17

How do adults typically react to face threats from children?

Answer 17

They don’t take it very seriously.

Question 18

Haliday’s Taxonomy: Instrumental

Answer 18

Language used to fulfil a need.

Question 19

Haliday’s Taxonomy: Regulatory

Answer 19

Influence the behaviour of others

Question 20

Haliday’s Taxonomy” Interactional

Answer 20

Develop and maintain social relationships.

Question 21

Haliday’s Taxonomy: Personal

Answer 21

Express feelings, opinions and individual identity

Question 22

Haliday’s Taxonomy: Personal

Answer 22

Express feelings, opinions and individual identity

Question 23

Haliday’s Taxonomy: Representational

Answer 23

Convey facts and information

Question 24

Haliday’s Taxonomy: Imaginative

Answer 24

Tell stories and create an imaginary world.

Question 25

Haliday's Taxonomy: Heuristic

Answer 25

Learn more about the world.

Question 26

Name Skinner's Theory.

Answer 26

The Behaviorist Theory.

Question 27

Name Skinner's Theory.

Answer 27

The Behaviorist Theory.

Question 28

In child language, name some examples the negative consequence in negative reinforcement?

Answer 28

Getting told off, ignored, corrected or misunderstood.

Question 29

Name Gean Berko's experiment to refuse the behaviorist theory.

Answer 29

The Wug Experiment.

Question 30

These are examples of what? "Look at those mens" "I wented to school"

Answer 30

Virtuous errors.

Question 31

What did Chomsky say in criticism of Skinner?

Answer 31

-Chomsky claimed that the language of adults when speaking to children in impoverished. -Children would never learn to be adult speakers if they could only copy what adults said to them.

Question 32

What is Braine's example to criticise Skinner's Behaviourist Theory?

Answer 32

Children cannot be corrected: "Other one spoon"

Question 33

Who proposed the Fis Phenomenon?

Answer 33

Berko and Brown.

Question 34

What did Chomsky say about children's ability to understand language?

Answer 34

Nativism. Chomsky believed children could innately learn grammar. Our brains have a Language Acquisition Device.

Question 35

What happened to Genie?

Answer 35

Between 20 months and 13 years she was fully isolated by her father. When she was rescued in 1970 she was unable to speak. She never learned to speak beyond a basic level.

Question 36

What is cognitivism?

Answer 36

Based on the work of Jean Piaget. Language acquisition is just part of a child's wider cognitive development.

Question 37

What is object permanence? How does it link to language acquisition?

Answer 37

-Children learn that objects continue to exist whether or not they can see them. -When children learn that things are stable they can learn their names more readily (links to first 50 words)

Question 38

What is classification? How does it link to language acquisition?

Answer 38

-Children learn to classify objects and actions. Some are to be eaten, sat on etc. -Once they learn that things come in groups, they can divide them into linguistic categories such as nouns and verbs.

Question 39

What is seriation? How does it link to language acquisition?

Answer 39

-Children learn that things come in an order, dogs come in different sizes, stories have a start and end etc. -Children learn to use comparative terms. Dogs go from big or small to bigger or smaller.

Question 40

What tense does a child always use at first?

Answer 40

Present.

Question 41

What tense does the child learn after present tense?

Answer 41

Present progressive. "Am going"

Question 42

What tense does the child learn after present progressive?

Answer 42

Simple past. "I jumped" "I walked"

Question 43

When does the child enter the post-telegraphic stage?

Answer 43

Around 36 months+

Question 44

At this stage the child begins to develop an understanding of what?

Answer 44

Morphemes eg. plural s (dogs)

Question 45

What sounds develop early?

Answer 45

-Bilavial sounds (P, B & M) -Alveloar sound (N)

Question 46

What sounds develop late?

Answer 46

-Fricative sounds (s & z) -Dental sounds (thick, these)

Question 47

What are the 4 categories that Katherine Nelson proposed a child's first 50 words can be sorted into?

Answer 47

Naming things eg dog Personal / social eg hi Actions / events eg give Modifying eg Dirty