Child language Flashcards
When a child learns to speak , is this predictable or unpredictable
predictable- all children go throught fairly predictable stages menaing they will learn the same things in the same order at the same ages
What is phonology
the study of speech sounds soa child’s phonological development starts from their first sounds
What words does a child not make
they do not make true words as they do not reveal the way in which the child is able to control sounds
How do children learn speech
they learn speech by saying something which they believe is an adult word with a difference.
A child will learn in one go. True or false
false
e.g saying ‘Boo’ for ‘balloon’
What is the pre-verbal stage
where children learn to use sounds before what a person may consider words
At 0-4 months old what stage is a child at in the pre-verbal stage
The vegative phase
In the pre-verbal stage how old is a child and what features do they use in the Vegitative phase
04-months . Reflex noises that can’t be controlled ( crying)
In the pre-verbal stage what age is it when a child starts the cooing phase
4-7 months
In the pre-verbal stage what is the cooing phase
4-7 months- when a child can make a series of unstructured open mouth vowel sounds ‘‘oooo eee ooo’’
In the pre-verbal stage when does babbling occur
at 6-12 months
What is babbling
When a child reaches 6-12 months a child will use consanant-vowel-consanat. e.g dada . They will then learn that certain words are special when a reaction is gathered
In the pre-verbal stage , the protoword phase occurs at what age in the childs life
9-12 months
In the pre-verbal stage, what is the protoword phase
When a child says an utterance which functions like a word , but only the caregiver can understand
What age do childrend develop protowords
9-12 months
What age do children typically develop holophrastic words
12-18 months
what age do children typically develop two words
18-24
Whate age do children develop into telagraphic words
24-36
post telagraphic stage age?
36+
What is a protoword
words that are only understood by caregivers . They start to use these real words when they have learned to produce sounds effectively
Give an example of a protoword
boo instead of balloon
What is the holophrastic stage
12-18 months - begin to use first real words . They use one word to represent a whole phrease e.g teddy to mean I want the teddy
The differences between childrens and adults pronunciations often follow predictable patterns
what is deletion
babies miss out consonants at the end of words e.g ca instead of cat
what is substitution
babies susbstitute one sound for another , whihc is mostly used in fricative sounds e.g ship becomes tip
what is additon
babies often add an extra vowel to the end of a word e.g dog- doggie
what is reduplication
babies repeat whole words e.g dada
what is consonant cluster reduction
babies miss out consonant when they occur in groups e.g spider
what are deletion of unstressed syllable
banana- nana
What are Places of articulation
part of the mouth and throat can controls the air flow
What are manners of articulation
the airflow is controlled
Places of articulation - what is a bilabial sound
When both lips are used to make a soun e.g pop
places of articulation- what is a dental sound
tongue and teeth - ‘the’
Places of articulation - labio dental
Lip and teeth e.g very
Places of articulation- alveolar
tongue of alveolar ridge e.g tin
Places of articulation- Velar
soft pallet -back
Some manners of articulation- plosives
block air flow and suddenly release it ‘pop’
Some manners of articulation -fricative
the air leakes through small openings -fox
Some manners of articulation- nasal
the mouth is sealed and the air comes out of the nose -none-
some manners of articulation -stop
you allow the air to flow and stop
some manners of articulation- affricate
start like a polisve with the air blocked then it leaks out like fricative e.g judge
to name a sound you provide what
the place of articulation and then the manner of articulation
What sounds are aquired by early 8 ( by age 3)
m,b,j(y),,n,w,d,p,h
what sounds are aquired dby middle 8 (4-5)
t, velar nasal ,k,g,f,v,tf,d3(j)
What sounds are aquired by late 8 ( by 6)
f,th,th,s,z,l,r,zh
What did Katherine Nelson do in her study
50 words a child learns into four predictable catagories
What was the largest group of words used in nelsons study
named things - used by 60 percent
What was the second largest group of words used in nelsons study
actions or events
What was the third largest group of words used in nelsons study
modifiers
what was the final largest group of words used in nelsons study
personal and social words such as yes,no, bye bye (8 percent)
what did nelson find overall
that first objects used tend to be those that are easily handled by children and small. The words also tend to name things that move or make a noise or change in some way .
In lexical development what is rich interepretation
parents and caregivers employ this in a child’s holophrastic stafe to figure out what it means and respond accordingly . They then judge the childrs reaction to their response
give an example of rich interpretation
bunny- i want the rabbit
what is semantic development
when a child learns words they learn the fact that some words are special udually through being fussed over . They will assosiate things and begint o develop an understanding of these semantics
children during semantic development will then learn that some things are grouped together and reffurred to as…
the same word, but rather than copying adult groupings, they make their own by looking for common features.
In semantic development what is over-extension
when a child is learning to group things, they will often over-extend the meanings of words by applying the words to a much larger group
give an example of over-extension
‘fly’ is usded for a fly, speck of dust, toast crumbes but it means small things
What is the two worded stage
at around 18 months , children begin to learn that two words can be linked to create a relationships . They begin to understand syntax
What are two words split into
Pivot and open class words
what is a pivot class word
pivot class words can have open class attached to them, they stay the same e.g mummy allgone, mummy here
What are open class words in the two word stage
open class words change and attach to the pivot e.g mummy allgone , bickie allgone
there are different ways we can describe two worded stages , one of theses is conjunction which is?
joining two things to gether
there are different ways we can describe two worded stages , one of this is description
where one word describes another
there are different ways we can describe two worded stages , one way this is is locating, what is this
showing where somthing is
there are different ways we can describe two worded stages , one way of doing this is by possession, what is this
where one thing belongs to another
there are different ways we can describe two worded stages , one way of doing this is by agent /object , what is this
when one word acts on another e.g mummy book for mummy is reading her book
What is the telegraphic stage and when does it develop
24-36 months - children can combine three or more words but they miss out words that a adult would include
provide examples that children miss out in the telegrahic stage
verb inflections , auxillary verbs, prepositions and determiners
when the child progresses through the telegraphic stage what happens
they use more of these features more often and more consitently
What are key developments in the telegraphic stage
questions negotiations tenses and determiners
before the telegraphic stage how do children ask questions
rising innotation at the end of a sentence
during the telegraphic stage when learning how to ask questions how does a child initially learn how to ask questions after asking questions using raised intonations
by using words such as what, where, why but do not use modal auxillary verbs
After a child, in the telegraphic stage , learns to use what where and why in questions, what do they learn to do after
add modal auxillary erbs and then learn the rule of inversion,
describe the rule of inversion
the subject will come after the verb it is describing
Before the telgraphic stage, a child will construct a negative by doing what
putting no at the start or the end of the utterance
After learning how to put no before or after in a sentence, what will the child learn to do in the telegraphic stage
learn to insert a negator in the middle of an utterance
e.g i want no drink
l After a child learns to insert a negator in the middle of an utterance
e.g i want no drink, what happens next when a child is learning to use engative sentences
child learns to put the auxillary verb with the negator , this is not the right one.
after this, child learns to put the right auxillary verb with the negator
describe how children learn to uses tenses in the telegraphic stage
-child uses simple present tense
-child then learns present progressive by inserting auxillary to be
-( modal verb may be initially incorrect)
- child learns simplpe past
-finally child learns exceptions e.g i walked i went
What types of determiners do children learn accurately and consistently
articles, enumerative determiners, possessive determiners and demonstrative pronouns
In the post telegraphic stage what do children develop an understanding of ?
morphemes
What is a morpheme
is the smallest unit of a word that carries an independant meaning . All words are made up of one or more morphemes
What is a free morpheme
these can stand alone as an independant word
What is a bound morpheme
these must be attached to free morphemes and add meaning to it
‘horses’ are made up of morphemes name them
horse- free morpheme
s’ - bound morpheme
name some common bound morphemes
superlatives ‘est’
ccomparatives ‘er’
plurals
genitives
In the post telegraphic stage children learn virtuous errors what is a virtuous error?
when a child makes logical and sensible errors until a child learns a rule successfully
what is overgeneralisation in the post telegraphic stage
when they over apply a rule to other similar words
What is child -directed language
special ways to talk to children. It seems to be biologically predetermined . Relates to input theory
What three purposes does child directed speech to fulfill
1- to attract and hold childs attention
2- to make ,language easily comprehensible
3- to make conversation more predictable
features of child-directed language, what is repeated sentence frames and expansion
RSF- parent uses same structure over and over filling parts with different words
expansion - the adult fills ou utterance
features of child-directed language- What is recasting
taking things kids say and turn it into a virtious error
features of child-directed language- what is repetition or partial repetition of a childs own word
using words that you know the child will be able to understand in order to keep engagement in conversation
features of child-directed language- what is frequent use of the childs name and fewer pronouns that in speech to adults
attention grabbing and clearly relevant to them
why is simple present used for a child in child directed speech
makes it easier to hold the childs attention and is easier for them to understand
Why are concrete nouns and dynamic verbs used in speech
they are early aquisitions and so are comprehensible for a child in early development
why do parents use one word utterances
in order to mimic childrens speech
why do parents uses fewer past tenses than in adult speech
to make the conversation immediate and exciting
