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year 2 core concepts > child health > Flashcards

child health Flashcards

1
Q

What are the developmental milestones for gross motor skills of a baby from 3 months to 48 months?

A

3 months: head control when pulled to sit
6 months: sitting balance, roll back from stomach
9 months: crawling
12 months: standing, taking steps
18 months: run
24 months: stairs w/ both feet
36 months: stairs w/ alternate feet, pedal tricycle
48 months:hoping

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2
Q

What are the developmental milestones for Fine motor skill for a baby from 3 months to 48 months?

A

3 months: midline
6 months: palmar grasp for toys
9 months: scissor grasp
12 months: pincer grasp
18 months: 3-4 bricks
24 months: 6-7 bricks
36 months: 9 bricks, cut with scissors
48 months: draw a simple man

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3
Q

What are the developmental milestones for language & hearing in a baby from 3 months to 48 months?

A

3 months: vocalize, turn towards sound
6 months: babbles
9 months: imitates sounds, says mama & baba
12 months: responds to own name
18 months: knows body parts, 5-20 words
24 months: simple instruction, 50+ words
36 months: complex instruction, ask questions
48 months: tell stories of experiences

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4
Q

What are the developmental milestones for Social behavior & play in a baby from 6 weeks to 48 months?

A

6 weeks: responds w/ social smile
6 months: friendly with strangers
9 months: stranger awareness
12 months: drink from cup
18 months: feed with spoon
36 months: toilet trained, aware of others
48 months: dresses fully

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5
Q

What are some red flags indicating developmental delays?

A
  • 6 months: do not reach for objects
  • 12 months: cannot sit on its own, already have preferred hand (cp)
  • 18 months: Unable to walk (check Creatine Kinase), no speech,
  • Loss of skills at any stage
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6
Q

what are the skills babies should have during 6-8 months

A
  1. sits without support
  2. puts food in mouth
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7
Q

what are the skills babies should have during 10-12 months

A
  1. play peekaboo
  2. waves bye bye
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8
Q

what diseases are screened in UK routine screening for babies

A
  • Hearing test (for deafness)
  • Blood spot (heal prick test)
    Sickle cell disease
    Cystic fibrosis
    Congenital hypothyroidism
    Inherited metabolic diseases
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9
Q

What are the causes & hints of meningitis in children?

A
  • neonate: Group B streptococcus
  • children/adults: neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus), streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
  • Premature births, mother on antibiotics during labor, resp distress 4+ hours after birth
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10
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of meningitis in children?

A
  • Poor feeding, lethargy, confused, vomiting, abnormal vital signs
  • Non-blanching purpuric red rashes (meningococcemia from neisseria, rashes that don’t disappear w/ pressure)
  • stiff neck, bulging fontanelle, light hurts eyes
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11
Q

What is the investigation & results for meningitis in children?

A
  • Lumbar puncture showing raised ICP with cerebrospinal fluid having low sugar, increased WBC & protein
  • blood culture & PCR for meningococcal septicemia/ nisseria meningiditis (meningococcemia rashes)
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12
Q

What is the treatment for meningitis in children?

A
  • 3 months- :IV cefotaxime and IV amoxicillin
  • 3 months+: IV cefotaxime
  • Steroids dexamethasone for bacterial meningitis patients 3+ years old to reduce neurological damage & hearing loss
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13
Q

What is the cause & target group of bronchiolitis?

A
  • respiratory syncytial virus RSV esp in winter
  • 3-6 months, neonates are protected by maternal IgG
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14
Q

what are the symptoms of bronchiolitis?

A
  • Coryzal symptoms: runny nose, sneezing, throat mucus, dyspnoea
  • Feeding difficulty, mild fever, dyspnoea (^RR), wheeze (expiration) retraction (indrawing chest during inspiration),
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15
Q

What is the treatment for bronchiolitis?

A

Supportive: aim oxygen 92%+(if O2 is lower), nasogastric feeding, upper airway secretion suction

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16
Q

What are the causes & effect + symptoms of croup?

A
  • Upper resp infection from parainfluenza viruses causing laryngeal oedema esp in autumn
  • Stridor (inhaling), barking cough, fever, runny nose, sneezing, dyspnoea
17
Q

What are the clinical investigations for croup?

A
  • Clinical exam: stridor + barking cough, resp auscultation showing wheezing and crackles
  • X-ray show steeple sign & thumb sign
18
Q

what is the treatment for croup

A
  • Single dose of oral dexamethasone
  • admit if they have resting stridor, tachycardia
19
Q

What are the causes & symptoms of Down’s syndrome)?

A
  • Trisomy 21 & Maternal age
  • Dysmorphic features: brachycephaly (flat head), epicanthal folds, flat face
  • Limbs: hypotonia, short broad hands, transverse palmar crease
  • Intellectual disability
20
Q

What conditions are commonly associated with down’s syndrome?

A
  • Atrioventricular septal defect
  • Visual and hearing defects
  • Obstructive sleep apnoea (large tongue )
  • Hypothyroidism, hypotonia
  • Immune deficiency, Increased leukemia risk
21
Q

What investigation do you need for both baby and mother for Down’s syndrome?

A
  • Prenatal screening with combined or quadruple test
  • Full blood count, echo
  • Hearing and visual screening
  • CK for hypotonia
  • TFT for hypothyroidism
22
Q

Define cerebral palsy and indicate the causes

A

Disorder of movement and posture due to non-progressive lesions of motor pathway
- Antenatal: cerebral malformation & congenital infection (rubella, CMV)
- Intrapartum: birth asphyxia (oxygen deprivation)/ trauma
- Postnatal: intraventricular hemorrhage, meningitis, head trauma

23
Q

What are the symptoms of cerebral palsy?

A
  • Hypertonia: stiffness and difficulty moving
  • Hypotonia: limpness and poor muscle control
  • Delayed motor milestones, abnormal gait
  • Feeding difficulties
  • Non-motor problems: learning difficulties
24
Q

Name all the viruses covered by the immunization system

A
  • diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), polio, Hib (haemophilus influenzae type B), hepatitis B
  • Pneumococcal, Rotavirus, MMR, HPV
  • Men B and Men A, C, W, Y
25
Q

What is the 6-1, 4-1, 3-1 vaccine? When do children get it?

A
  • 6-1: diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), polio, Hib (haemophilus influenzae type B) and hepatitis B at 2, 3, 4 months
  • 4-1: diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), polio at 3 years 3 months
  • 3-1: diphtheria, tetanus, polio at 14 years
26
Q

What is the MMR? When do children get the vaccine?

A
  • 12-13 months and 3 years 4 months- 5 years
  • Measles: cold symptoms -> white spots inside mouth-> rash all over body
  • Mumps: swelling of face, double chin/ hamster cheeks
  • Rubella: rash all over body, takes 2-3 weeks to appear post infection
27
Q

When are children vaccinated from meningitis?

A
  • Men B: 8 weeks, 16 weeks, 1 year
  • Men A,C, W, Y: 14 years
    (apparent B+C is given accoridng to delta)

year 2 core concepts (9 decks)

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