Child Growth and Development Flashcards
How is childhood staged?
0-1 year = baby
0-2 years = infant
2-10 years = childhood
11- 13 years= early adolescence
14- 17 = middle adolescence
18-21 years = late adolescence
What are primitive reflexes?
Involuntary reflexes that can be elicited from the neonate.
Examples include:
- Rooting
- Grasp
- Moro asymmetrical tone and neck reflex (ATNR)
How does a baby’s brain increase in weight from birth to 1 year of age?
What causes the increase in weight?
400g at birth →1kg at 1 year
Increase in weight occurs through myelination and synaptogenesis
Which region of the brain develops almost completely postnatally?
Orbitofrontal region
What are experience-expectant mechanisms?
Environmental input experienced by all species that play a necessary part in the development and organisation of the nervous system.
What are experience-dependent mechanisms?
Refers to the way in which unique experiences of each individual baby produce distinctive wiring of their brain.
Enables the individual child to adapt to specific features of the individual environment in which they inhabit.
Dependent on the dyad
When do the fontanelles close?
Anterior fontanelle: 18 months
Posterior fontanelle: 2-3 months
Label the parts of the neonatal skull on the diagram
What is synaptogenesis dependent on?
Experience-dependent mechanisms
What is attachment?
Bio-behavioural mechanism activated by anxiety with the aim of reducing stress and restoring security.
At what age does the infant experience their first ‘true’ emotional reaction based on subjective experience?
3 months
What is emotional regulation?
The process by which positive and negative emotions are kept within bounds, so they are not registered as overwhelming.
At what age do infants develop the ability to recognise themselves?
18 months
Define growth
Dynamic process in which increasing cell size and number and various tissues result in a physical increase in the size of the body as a whole
What are the cephalocaudal and centrifugal principles
Cephalocaudal: refers to the general pattern of physical and functional development followed whereby development follows a head to toe progression
Centrifugal: refers to the growth from proximal to distal directions
What is the healthy child programme?
The universal preventative programme that begins in pregnancy and continues through childhood.
Evidence based programme of growth and developmental reviews, screening, immunisations, health promotion and parenting support.
What are the core purposes of health and development reviews of the healthy child programme?
- Assess growth and development
- Detect abnormalities (for early intervention)
- Assess family strengths, needs and risks
- Give parents opportunities to discuss their concerns and aspirations.
What is the national child measurement programme?
Measures height and weight of children beginning 4-5 years of age
Provides data for the child excess weight indicators in the Public Health Outcomes Framework.
What are the developmental demains?
Gross motor: posture and large movements
Fine motor: vision and fine movements
Hearing and speech
Social behaviour and play
Which 3 domains must be examined to gain a developmental history if a developmental delay is identified?
Perinatal
Family
Environmental
Who is responsible for regulating a baby’s experience-dependent brain growth?
Parents
