Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Med 2 - Week 39 > Child Development: Infancy to 2 years > Flashcards

Child Development: Infancy to 2 years Flashcards

(81 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is neural plasticity?

A

The ability of the brain to be shaped by environmental stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When does myelination occur? In what order?

A

Begins at birth, starting with the spinal cord and brain stem. Cortex myelination begins around 7-8 months and continues until young adulthood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 5 domains of development?

A
  1. Gross motor: movements with large muscle groups
  2. Fine motor: hands and smaller muscles, ADLs
  3. Speech/Language: receptive and expressive communication, verbal/non-verbal
  4. Cognitive: reasoning, memory, problem solving, academics
  5. Social/Emotional: attachment, self-regulation, interactions with others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some examples of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that can influence development?

A

Intrinsic: temperament, state of wellness/illness, genetics

Extrinsic: personality/parenting style of caregivers, nutrition, SES (impacting time + money), family stress, culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What level of gross motor ability are neonates born with?

A
  1. high flexor tone
  2. alternating movements of symmetric flexion and extension
  3. very limited ability to initiate purposeful movements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the asymmetric tonic neck reflex? When does it disappear?

A

when an infant moves their head to one side, the arm is extended on the same side of the face and the other arm is flexed.

prevents them from rolling from back to front, bringing hands midline or reaching for objects

Disappears by 4-6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the moro reflex? How is it engaged and when does it disappear?

A

Occurs in response to loud noises or sudden drop in level of head.

Extension followed by abduction of upper extremities with hands open, followed by upper extremity flexion

Interferes with head control/sitting equilibrium

Disappears by 4 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are postural reactions and when do they develop?

A

Develop in early infancy and are required to maintain normal head and body relationships in space for motor development.

ex: protective extension
- allows infants to catch themselves when falling
- develop around 6-9 months when infants move from sitting to hands/knees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the main goal of gross motor development in the first year of life?

A

Develop skills that allow for independent movement and use of hands for exploration of environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

GM milestone: 1 month

A

chin up when prone, turns head supine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

GM milestone: 2 months

A

lifts chest of table when prone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

GM milestone: 3 months

A

props up on forearms when prone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

GM milestone: 4 months

A

rolls from front to back, no head lag when pulled to sit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

GM milestone: 5 months

A

rolls from back to front

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

GM milestone: 6 months

A

sits without support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

GM milestone: 8 months

A

crawling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

GM milestone: 9 months

A

pulls themselves to a stand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

GM milestone: 10 months

A

“cruising”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

GM milestone: 12 months

A

first steps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the main features of GM development in the second year of life?

A

mainly refinements in balance, coordination, speed and strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

GM milestone: 14 months

A

walking well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

GM milestone: 15 months

A

runs with stiff legs, crawls up stairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

GM milestone: 16 months

A

walks up stairs with one hand held

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

GM milestone: 18 months

A

runs well, can creep down stairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
GM milestone: 20 months
walks down stairs with one hand held, squats during play
26
GM milestone: 22 months
walks up stairs holding a rail, not alternating feet
27
GM milestone: 24 months
- walks down stairs holding rail, not alternating feet | - kicks ball, throws overhand, jumps with 2 feet
28
GM milestone: 30 months
walks up stairs with railing, alternating feet
29
FM milestone: birth
primitive grasp reflex
30
FM milestone: 2 months
hold hands together
31
FM milestone: 4 months
reaches for toy
32
FM milestone: 6 months
transfers toy from hand to hand
33
FM milestone: 12 months
pincer grasp
34
FM milestone: 15 months
3 cube tower, scribbles with pen
35
FM milestone: 18 months
4 cube tower, can imitate drawing a straight line
36
FM milestone: 20 months
feeds self with spoon
37
FM milestone: 24 months
7 cube tower, imitates horizontal line
38
FM milestone: 30 months
9 cube tower, makes horizontal and vertical strokes
39
What are the RED FLAGS of motor development at the neonatal, 2, 4, 6, 9 and 18 month points?
- neonatal: muscle tone too low to feed - 2 months: can't raise head when prone - 4 months: unable to bring hands to mid-line - 6 months: not reaching for objects - 9 months: unable to sit unsupported, not rolling - 18 months: not able to walk independently
40
Receptive language milestones: newborn
attends to voice
41
Receptive language milestones: 3 months
smiles when spoken to
42
Receptive language milestones: 6 months
turns when name is called
43
Receptive language milestones: 9 months
stops at "no", can learn routines like "waving bye"
44
Receptive language milestones: 12 months
follows simple, one step, commands with gestures
45
Receptive language milestones: 15-18 months
can point to body parts, follows single, one step command without gesture
46
Receptive language milestones: 18-24 months
understands sentences, follows 2 step directions
47
Expressive language milestones: newborn
cries
48
Expressive language milestones: 3 months
coos (musical, vowel like sounds), can reciprocate adults cooing
49
Expressive language milestones: 6 months
begins to babble --> adding consonant sounds like b, d, and m
50
Expressive language milestones: 9 months
points to wants or objects
51
Expressive language milestones: 12 months
says mama/dada specifically, other first words, jargon (babble that sounds like speech)
52
Expressive language milestones: 18 months
10-25 words
53
Expressive language milestones: 18-24 months
50+ words, 2 word phrases, 50% intelligible
54
What are the RED FLAGS of speech/language development at 6 months?
not laughing, vocalizing, responding to sound or reciprocal vocal social interactions.
55
What are the RED FLAGS of speech/language development at 9 months?
not responding to name or babbling
56
What are the RED FLAGS of speech/language development at 12 months
not pointing to object, lack of gestures, can't participate in verbal routines, no mama/dada
57
What are the RED FLAGS of speech/language development at 18 months
< 5 words beyond mama/dada, cant follow simple commands with gestures
58
What are the RED FLAGS of speech/language development at 24 months
no 2 word phrases, vocab <50 words, >50% of utterances intelligible
59
What are the RED FLAGS of speech/language development at 36 months?
cant follow simple commands without gestures, no 3 word combos, <75% of speech understandable
60
Social/Emotional milestones: 4-6 weeks
social smile
61
Social/Emotional milestones: 4 months
to/fro vocalizations
62
Social/Emotional milestones: 5 months
recognition of care-givers from sight
63
Social/Emotional milestones: 6-9 months
stranger anxiety
64
Social/Emotional milestones: 8 months
joint attention starts to develop | - caregiver and infant share a common interest in an experience or toy and recognize the experience is shared
65
Social/Emotional milestones: 12 months
infant follws care-givers gaze and looks, then can look back at them and indicate shared interaction
66
Social/Emotional milestones: 12-14 months
pointing to request proto-imperative pointing (object)
67
Social/Emotional milestones: 15 months
demonstrates empathy | - looking sad if someone is crying
68
Social/Emotional milestones: 16 months
proto-declarative pointing (experience) points to indicate interest
69
Social/Emotional milestones: 18 months
shows items of interest
70
Social/Emotional milestones: 24 months
can mask emotions for social etiquette
71
RED FLAGS of social/emotional development: 6 months
no smiles or joyful expressions
72
RED FLAGS of social/emotional development: 9 months
lack of reciprocal smiles, vocalizations or facial expressions
73
RED FLAGS of social/emotional development: 12 months
not responding to name, no babbling, no reciprocal gestures
74
RED FLAGS of social/emotional development: 18 months
no simple pretend play, no pointing, lack of spoken language/gesture comos
75
RED FLAGS of social/emotional development: 24 months
no meaningful 2 word phrases (not imitated)
76
In terms of cognitive development, the first 2 years of life are the ____ period of development
sensorimotor | - obtain knowledge through senses and motor movements
77
What is the most important development to occur during the sensorimotor stage?
object permanence
78
Cognitive Development milestones: 0-4 months
"out of sight out of mind"
79
Cognitive Development milestones: 4-8 months
can track a fallen object or find a partially hidden one
80
Cognitive Development milestones: 9-12 months
can locate fully hidden objects
81
Cognitive Development milestones: 18 months
object permanence

Med 2 - Week 39 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions