Child Development: Infancy to 2 years Flashcards
What is neural plasticity?
The ability of the brain to be shaped by environmental stimuli
When does myelination occur? In what order?
Begins at birth, starting with the spinal cord and brain stem. Cortex myelination begins around 7-8 months and continues until young adulthood.
What are the 5 domains of development?
- Gross motor: movements with large muscle groups
- Fine motor: hands and smaller muscles, ADLs
- Speech/Language: receptive and expressive communication, verbal/non-verbal
- Cognitive: reasoning, memory, problem solving, academics
- Social/Emotional: attachment, self-regulation, interactions with others
What are some examples of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that can influence development?
Intrinsic: temperament, state of wellness/illness, genetics
Extrinsic: personality/parenting style of caregivers, nutrition, SES (impacting time + money), family stress, culture
What level of gross motor ability are neonates born with?
- high flexor tone
- alternating movements of symmetric flexion and extension
- very limited ability to initiate purposeful movements
What is the asymmetric tonic neck reflex? When does it disappear?
when an infant moves their head to one side, the arm is extended on the same side of the face and the other arm is flexed.
prevents them from rolling from back to front, bringing hands midline or reaching for objects
Disappears by 4-6 months
What is the moro reflex? How is it engaged and when does it disappear?
Occurs in response to loud noises or sudden drop in level of head.
Extension followed by abduction of upper extremities with hands open, followed by upper extremity flexion
Interferes with head control/sitting equilibrium
Disappears by 4 months
What are postural reactions and when do they develop?
Develop in early infancy and are required to maintain normal head and body relationships in space for motor development.
ex: protective extension
- allows infants to catch themselves when falling
- develop around 6-9 months when infants move from sitting to hands/knees
What is the main goal of gross motor development in the first year of life?
Develop skills that allow for independent movement and use of hands for exploration of environment
GM milestone: 1 month
chin up when prone, turns head supine
GM milestone: 2 months
lifts chest of table when prone
GM milestone: 3 months
props up on forearms when prone
GM milestone: 4 months
rolls from front to back, no head lag when pulled to sit
GM milestone: 5 months
rolls from back to front
GM milestone: 6 months
sits without support
GM milestone: 8 months
crawling
GM milestone: 9 months
pulls themselves to a stand
GM milestone: 10 months
“cruising”
GM milestone: 12 months
first steps
What are the main features of GM development in the second year of life?
mainly refinements in balance, coordination, speed and strength
GM milestone: 14 months
walking well
GM milestone: 15 months
runs with stiff legs, crawls up stairs
GM milestone: 16 months
walks up stairs with one hand held
GM milestone: 18 months
runs well, can creep down stairs
GM milestone: 20 months
walks down stairs with one hand held, squats during play
GM milestone: 22 months
walks up stairs holding a rail, not alternating feet
GM milestone: 24 months
- walks down stairs holding rail, not alternating feet
- kicks ball, throws overhand, jumps with 2 feet
GM milestone: 30 months
walks up stairs with railing, alternating feet
FM milestone: birth
primitive grasp reflex
FM milestone: 2 months
hold hands together
FM milestone: 4 months
reaches for toy
FM milestone: 6 months
transfers toy from hand to hand
FM milestone: 12 months
pincer grasp
FM milestone: 15 months
3 cube tower, scribbles with pen
FM milestone: 18 months
4 cube tower, can imitate drawing a straight line
FM milestone: 20 months
feeds self with spoon
FM milestone: 24 months
7 cube tower, imitates horizontal line
FM milestone: 30 months
9 cube tower, makes horizontal and vertical strokes
What are the RED FLAGS of motor development at the neonatal, 2, 4, 6, 9 and 18 month points?
- neonatal: muscle tone too low to feed
- 2 months: can’t raise head when prone
- 4 months: unable to bring hands to mid-line
- 6 months: not reaching for objects
- 9 months: unable to sit unsupported, not rolling
- 18 months: not able to walk independently
Receptive language milestones: newborn
attends to voice
Receptive language milestones: 3 months
smiles when spoken to
Receptive language milestones: 6 months
turns when name is called
Receptive language milestones: 9 months
stops at “no”, can learn routines like “waving bye”
Receptive language milestones: 12 months
follows simple, one step, commands with gestures
Receptive language milestones: 15-18 months
can point to body parts, follows single, one step command without gesture
Receptive language milestones: 18-24 months
understands sentences, follows 2 step directions
Expressive language milestones: newborn
cries
Expressive language milestones: 3 months
coos (musical, vowel like sounds), can reciprocate adults cooing
Expressive language milestones: 6 months
begins to babble –> adding consonant sounds like b, d, and m
Expressive language milestones: 9 months
points to wants or objects
Expressive language milestones: 12 months
says mama/dada specifically, other first words, jargon (babble that sounds like speech)
Expressive language milestones: 18 months
10-25 words
Expressive language milestones: 18-24 months
50+ words, 2 word phrases, 50% intelligible
What are the RED FLAGS of speech/language development at 6 months?
not laughing, vocalizing, responding to sound or reciprocal vocal social interactions.
What are the RED FLAGS of speech/language development at 9 months?
not responding to name or babbling
What are the RED FLAGS of speech/language development at 12 months
not pointing to object, lack of gestures, can’t participate in verbal routines, no mama/dada
What are the RED FLAGS of speech/language development at 18 months
< 5 words beyond mama/dada, cant follow simple commands with gestures
What are the RED FLAGS of speech/language development at 24 months
no 2 word phrases, vocab <50 words, >50% of utterances intelligible
What are the RED FLAGS of speech/language development at 36 months?
cant follow simple commands without gestures, no 3 word combos, <75% of speech understandable
Social/Emotional milestones: 4-6 weeks
social smile
Social/Emotional milestones: 4 months
to/fro vocalizations
Social/Emotional milestones: 5 months
recognition of care-givers from sight
Social/Emotional milestones: 6-9 months
stranger anxiety
Social/Emotional milestones: 8 months
joint attention starts to develop
- caregiver and infant share a common interest in an experience or toy and recognize the experience is shared
Social/Emotional milestones: 12 months
infant follws care-givers gaze and looks, then can look back at them and indicate shared interaction
Social/Emotional milestones: 12-14 months
pointing to request
proto-imperative pointing (object)
Social/Emotional milestones: 15 months
demonstrates empathy
- looking sad if someone is crying
Social/Emotional milestones: 16 months
proto-declarative pointing (experience)
points to indicate interest
Social/Emotional milestones: 18 months
shows items of interest
Social/Emotional milestones: 24 months
can mask emotions for social etiquette
RED FLAGS of social/emotional development: 6 months
no smiles or joyful expressions
RED FLAGS of social/emotional development: 9 months
lack of reciprocal smiles, vocalizations or facial expressions
RED FLAGS of social/emotional development: 12 months
not responding to name, no babbling, no reciprocal gestures
RED FLAGS of social/emotional development: 18 months
no simple pretend play, no pointing, lack of spoken language/gesture comos
RED FLAGS of social/emotional development: 24 months
no meaningful 2 word phrases (not imitated)
In terms of cognitive development, the first 2 years of life are the ____ period of development
sensorimotor
- obtain knowledge through senses and motor movements
What is the most important development to occur during the sensorimotor stage?
object permanence
Cognitive Development milestones: 0-4 months
“out of sight out of mind”
Cognitive Development milestones: 4-8 months
can track a fallen object or find a partially hidden one
Cognitive Development milestones: 9-12 months
can locate fully hidden objects
Cognitive Development milestones: 18 months
object permanence
