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Med 2 - Week 39 > Child Development: Infancy to 2 years > Flashcards

Child Development: Infancy to 2 years Flashcards

1
Q

What is neural plasticity?

A

The ability of the brain to be shaped by environmental stimuli

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2
Q

When does myelination occur? In what order?

A

Begins at birth, starting with the spinal cord and brain stem. Cortex myelination begins around 7-8 months and continues until young adulthood.

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3
Q

What are the 5 domains of development?

A
  1. Gross motor: movements with large muscle groups
  2. Fine motor: hands and smaller muscles, ADLs
  3. Speech/Language: receptive and expressive communication, verbal/non-verbal
  4. Cognitive: reasoning, memory, problem solving, academics
  5. Social/Emotional: attachment, self-regulation, interactions with others
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4
Q

What are some examples of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that can influence development?

A

Intrinsic: temperament, state of wellness/illness, genetics

Extrinsic: personality/parenting style of caregivers, nutrition, SES (impacting time + money), family stress, culture

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5
Q

What level of gross motor ability are neonates born with?

A
  1. high flexor tone
  2. alternating movements of symmetric flexion and extension
  3. very limited ability to initiate purposeful movements
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6
Q

What is the asymmetric tonic neck reflex? When does it disappear?

A

when an infant moves their head to one side, the arm is extended on the same side of the face and the other arm is flexed.

prevents them from rolling from back to front, bringing hands midline or reaching for objects

Disappears by 4-6 months

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7
Q

What is the moro reflex? How is it engaged and when does it disappear?

A

Occurs in response to loud noises or sudden drop in level of head.

Extension followed by abduction of upper extremities with hands open, followed by upper extremity flexion

Interferes with head control/sitting equilibrium

Disappears by 4 months

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8
Q

What are postural reactions and when do they develop?

A

Develop in early infancy and are required to maintain normal head and body relationships in space for motor development.

ex: protective extension
- allows infants to catch themselves when falling
- develop around 6-9 months when infants move from sitting to hands/knees

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9
Q

What is the main goal of gross motor development in the first year of life?

A

Develop skills that allow for independent movement and use of hands for exploration of environment

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10
Q

GM milestone: 1 month

A

chin up when prone, turns head supine

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11
Q

GM milestone: 2 months

A

lifts chest of table when prone

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12
Q

GM milestone: 3 months

A

props up on forearms when prone

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13
Q

GM milestone: 4 months

A

rolls from front to back, no head lag when pulled to sit

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14
Q

GM milestone: 5 months

A

rolls from back to front

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15
Q

GM milestone: 6 months

A

sits without support

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16
Q

GM milestone: 8 months

A

crawling

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17
Q

GM milestone: 9 months

A

pulls themselves to a stand

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18
Q

GM milestone: 10 months

A

“cruising”

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19
Q

GM milestone: 12 months

A

first steps

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20
Q

What are the main features of GM development in the second year of life?

A

mainly refinements in balance, coordination, speed and strength

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21
Q

GM milestone: 14 months

A

walking well

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22
Q

GM milestone: 15 months

A

runs with stiff legs, crawls up stairs

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23
Q

GM milestone: 16 months

A

walks up stairs with one hand held

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24
Q

GM milestone: 18 months

A

runs well, can creep down stairs

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25
Q

GM milestone: 20 months

A

walks down stairs with one hand held, squats during play

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26
Q

GM milestone: 22 months

A

walks up stairs holding a rail, not alternating feet

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27
Q

GM milestone: 24 months

A
  • walks down stairs holding rail, not alternating feet

- kicks ball, throws overhand, jumps with 2 feet

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28
Q

GM milestone: 30 months

A

walks up stairs with railing, alternating feet

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29
Q

FM milestone: birth

A

primitive grasp reflex

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30
Q

FM milestone: 2 months

A

hold hands together

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31
Q

FM milestone: 4 months

A

reaches for toy

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32
Q

FM milestone: 6 months

A

transfers toy from hand to hand

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33
Q

FM milestone: 12 months

A

pincer grasp

34
Q

FM milestone: 15 months

A

3 cube tower, scribbles with pen

35
Q

FM milestone: 18 months

A

4 cube tower, can imitate drawing a straight line

36
Q

FM milestone: 20 months

A

feeds self with spoon

37
Q

FM milestone: 24 months

A

7 cube tower, imitates horizontal line

38
Q

FM milestone: 30 months

A

9 cube tower, makes horizontal and vertical strokes

39
Q

What are the RED FLAGS of motor development at the neonatal, 2, 4, 6, 9 and 18 month points?

A
  • neonatal: muscle tone too low to feed
  • 2 months: can’t raise head when prone
  • 4 months: unable to bring hands to mid-line
  • 6 months: not reaching for objects
  • 9 months: unable to sit unsupported, not rolling
  • 18 months: not able to walk independently
40
Q

Receptive language milestones: newborn

A

attends to voice

41
Q

Receptive language milestones: 3 months

A

smiles when spoken to

42
Q

Receptive language milestones: 6 months

A

turns when name is called

43
Q

Receptive language milestones: 9 months

A

stops at “no”, can learn routines like “waving bye”

44
Q

Receptive language milestones: 12 months

A

follows simple, one step, commands with gestures

45
Q

Receptive language milestones: 15-18 months

A

can point to body parts, follows single, one step command without gesture

46
Q

Receptive language milestones: 18-24 months

A

understands sentences, follows 2 step directions

47
Q

Expressive language milestones: newborn

A

cries

48
Q

Expressive language milestones: 3 months

A

coos (musical, vowel like sounds), can reciprocate adults cooing

49
Q

Expressive language milestones: 6 months

A

begins to babble –> adding consonant sounds like b, d, and m

50
Q

Expressive language milestones: 9 months

A

points to wants or objects

51
Q

Expressive language milestones: 12 months

A

says mama/dada specifically, other first words, jargon (babble that sounds like speech)

52
Q

Expressive language milestones: 18 months

A

10-25 words

53
Q

Expressive language milestones: 18-24 months

A

50+ words, 2 word phrases, 50% intelligible

54
Q

What are the RED FLAGS of speech/language development at 6 months?

A

not laughing, vocalizing, responding to sound or reciprocal vocal social interactions.

55
Q

What are the RED FLAGS of speech/language development at 9 months?

A

not responding to name or babbling

56
Q

What are the RED FLAGS of speech/language development at 12 months

A

not pointing to object, lack of gestures, can’t participate in verbal routines, no mama/dada

57
Q

What are the RED FLAGS of speech/language development at 18 months

A

< 5 words beyond mama/dada, cant follow simple commands with gestures

58
Q

What are the RED FLAGS of speech/language development at 24 months

A

no 2 word phrases, vocab <50 words, >50% of utterances intelligible

59
Q

What are the RED FLAGS of speech/language development at 36 months?

A

cant follow simple commands without gestures, no 3 word combos, <75% of speech understandable

60
Q

Social/Emotional milestones: 4-6 weeks

A

social smile

61
Q

Social/Emotional milestones: 4 months

A

to/fro vocalizations

62
Q

Social/Emotional milestones: 5 months

A

recognition of care-givers from sight

63
Q

Social/Emotional milestones: 6-9 months

A

stranger anxiety

64
Q

Social/Emotional milestones: 8 months

A

joint attention starts to develop

- caregiver and infant share a common interest in an experience or toy and recognize the experience is shared

65
Q

Social/Emotional milestones: 12 months

A

infant follws care-givers gaze and looks, then can look back at them and indicate shared interaction

66
Q

Social/Emotional milestones: 12-14 months

A

pointing to request

proto-imperative pointing (object)

67
Q

Social/Emotional milestones: 15 months

A

demonstrates empathy

- looking sad if someone is crying

68
Q

Social/Emotional milestones: 16 months

A

proto-declarative pointing (experience)

points to indicate interest

69
Q

Social/Emotional milestones: 18 months

A

shows items of interest

70
Q

Social/Emotional milestones: 24 months

A

can mask emotions for social etiquette

71
Q

RED FLAGS of social/emotional development: 6 months

A

no smiles or joyful expressions

72
Q

RED FLAGS of social/emotional development: 9 months

A

lack of reciprocal smiles, vocalizations or facial expressions

73
Q

RED FLAGS of social/emotional development: 12 months

A

not responding to name, no babbling, no reciprocal gestures

74
Q

RED FLAGS of social/emotional development: 18 months

A

no simple pretend play, no pointing, lack of spoken language/gesture comos

75
Q

RED FLAGS of social/emotional development: 24 months

A

no meaningful 2 word phrases (not imitated)

76
Q

In terms of cognitive development, the first 2 years of life are the ____ period of development

A

sensorimotor

- obtain knowledge through senses and motor movements

77
Q

What is the most important development to occur during the sensorimotor stage?

A

object permanence

78
Q

Cognitive Development milestones: 0-4 months

A

“out of sight out of mind”

79
Q

Cognitive Development milestones: 4-8 months

A

can track a fallen object or find a partially hidden one

80
Q

Cognitive Development milestones: 9-12 months

A

can locate fully hidden objects

81
Q

Cognitive Development milestones: 18 months

A

object permanence

Med 2 - Week 39 (4 decks)

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