Child Development & Behavior Guidance Flashcards
What are Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development?
1) Sensorimotor
2) Preoperational
3) Concrete Operations
4) Formal operations
Age of Sensorimotor stage
0-2 years
Age of Preoperational stage
2-7 years
Age of Concrete Operations stage
7-11 years
Age of Formal Operations stage
11+ years
Description of Sensorimotor
Experience is through movement and senses
Description of Preoperational
Children use language literally and are egocentric
Description of Concrete Operations
Children can think logically but not abstractly
Description of Formal Operations
Children can think abstractly and are increasingly concerned about the opinion of others
Cognitive changes during sensorimotor stage (0-2 years)
According to Piaget:
- First two years of life
- Six discrete stages
- Object permanence
- Causality
- Symbolic play
Emotional changes during sensorimotor stage (0-2 years)
- Fear of strangers (7-12 months)
- Separation anxiety
- 6-18 months (peaking at 13 months)
- Well controlled by 36-40 months or 32-36 months
Cognitive changes during preoperational stage (2-7 years)
- Preconceptual (2-4 years)
- Mental imagery drive play and fantasy
- Centration
- Intuitive thought (4-7 years)
- Classification of objects
- Reading and writing
- Longer attention span
Emotional changes during preoperational stage (2-7 years)
- Self-control
- Develops from 3-6
- Conscience
- Aggression
- Inability to demonstrate self-control
Two types of aggression during preoperational stage
1) Instrumental aggression: to accomplish a goal
2) Hostile aggression: to harm another individual
Social changes during preoperational stage (2-7 years)
- Play (parallel play to cooperative play)
- Gender identity
- Toxic stress
Cognitive changes during concrete operations (7-12 years)
- Literacy
- Mental representations of actions
Emotional changes during concrete operations (7-12 years)
- Accepting societal norms of behavior
- Delayed gratification
- Self-directed activities
- Body image
- Peer relationships and social acceptance
Social changes during concrete operations (7-12 years)
- Positive attitude about school
- Self-confidence and motivation
- Peer influences/peer pressure
- Meaningful friendships
Cognitive changes during formal operations (12-16 years)
- Abstract thinking
- Analysis of information
- “Rebel, complainer, accuser”
- Idealism leading to disillusionment
- Introspective and analytic
- Egocentric, opinionated, argumentative
Emotional changes during formal operations (12-16 years)
- Munsen 1984:
- Attractive vs unattractive
- Loved vs unloved
- Strong vs weak
- Masculine vs feminine
- Sexuality
- Love
Social changes during formal operations (12-16 years)
- Ability to establish and maintain loving relationships
- Bullying, suicidal ideation, alcohol and substance abuse, running away from home, sexual promiscuity, gender identity, truancy
- Peer relationships
- Popularity
When does basic trust occur (Erikson)?
0-18 months
What is basic trust? (Erikson)
- Bonding between parent and child
- “Material deprivation” –> connected to “failure to thrive”
- “Separation anxiety” –> reflection of success in this stage
Failure of trust to develop results in what? (Erikson)
Mistrust
When does autonomy develop? (Erikson)
18 months to 3 years old
What is autonomy? (Erikson)
- “Terrible twos”
- Development of individual identity
- “Consistently enforced limits on behavior at this time allow the child to further develop trust in a predictable environment”
Failure of autonomy to develop results in what? (Erikson)
Shame
When does initiative occur? (Erikson)
3 to 6 years
What is initiative? (Erikson)
- Increasing autonomy, planning and pursuit
- Extreme curiosity and questioning
- Aggressive talking
- Modeling of behavior
Failure of initiative to develop results in what? (Erikson)
Guilt
When does industry develop? (Erikson)
7 to 11 years
What is industry? (Erikson)
- Academic and social skills
- Mastery of skills, competition, cooperation
- Decrease of parents as role models
- Increase of peers as influences
Failure of industry to develop results in what? (Erikson)
Inferiority
When does personal identity develop? (Erikson)
12 to 17 years
What is personal identity? (Erikson)
- Feeling of belonging
- Relationships begin to include romantic
- Sexuality - Responsibilities
- Separation from family and peer group
Failure of personal identity to develop results in what? (Erikson)
Role confusion
When does intimacy develop? (Erikson)
Young adult
What is intimacy? (Erikson)
Ability to compromise and sacrifice to maintain a relationship
Failure of intimacy to develop results in what? (Erikson)
Isolation
When does generativity develop? (Erikson)
Adult
What is generativity? (Erikson)
- Becoming a parent
- Service to community or nation
- Ensuring the success of the next generation
Failure of generativity to develop results in what? (Erikson)
Stagnation, self-indulgence, self-centered behavior
When does ego integrity develop? (Erikson)
Late adult
What is ego integrity? (Erikson)
- Adapted to gratification and disappointment
- Making the best of life
Failure of ego integrity to develop results in what? (Erikson)
Despair
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development
- Trust vs. mistrust
- Autonomy vs. shame
- Initiative vs. guilt
- Industry vs. inferiority
- Identity vs. role confusion
- Intimacy vs. isolation
- Generativity vs. stagnation
- Ego integrity vs. despair
Basic virtue and age for trust vs. mistrust stage (Erikson)
- Hope
- 0 to 1.5 years
Basic virtue and age for autonomy vs. shame stage (Erikson)
- Will
- 1.5 to 3 years
Basic virtue and age for initiative vs. guilt stage (Erikson)
- Purpose
- 3 to 5 years
Basic virtue and age for industry vs. inferiority
- Competency
- 5 to 12 years
Basic virtue and age for identity vs. role confusion
- Fidelity
- 12 to 18 years
Basic virtue and age for intimacy vs. isolation
- Love
- 18 to 40 years
Basic virtue and age for generativity vs. stagnation
- Care
- 40 to 65 years
Basic virtue and age for ego integrity vs. despair
- Wisdom
- 65+ years
When does the motor skill of transferring objects hand to hand occur?
- Median 5.5 months
- Range 4 to 8 months
When does the motor skill of sitting alone for 30 seconds or more occur?
- Median 6.0 months
- Range 5 to 8 months
When does the motor skill of rolling from back to stomach occur?
- Median 6.4 months
- Range 4-10 months
When does the motor skill of having a neat pincer grasp occur?
- Median 8.9 months
- Range 7-12 months
When does the motor skill of standing alone occur?
- Median 11 months
- Range 9-16 months