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Block 5 > Child Development and Adolescence > Flashcards

Child Development and Adolescence Flashcards

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1
Q

How old is a baby?

A

0-1 years old

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2
Q

How old is an infant?

A

0-2 years old

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3
Q

When is childhood?

A

2-10 years

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4
Q

When is early adolescence?

A

11-13 years old

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5
Q

When is middle adolescence?

A

14-17 years old

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6
Q

When is late adolescence?

A

18-21 years old

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7
Q

What happens to primitive reflexes during development?

A

They are present in the newborn and then disappear/integrate in predictable sequences as infant matures

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8
Q

Give examples of primitive reflexes

A

Rooting

Grasps

Moro

Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex

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9
Q

What is the importance of 1001 Critical Days

A

Days between conception and 2 years

Important for building optimal security and healthy brain development

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10
Q

How does a baby’s brain change in the first year of life?

A

Increases in size from 400g to 1kg

Increased weight is caused by myelination and synaptogenesis

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11
Q

Which region of the brain matures almost entirely after birth?

A

Orbitofrontal regions

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12
Q

What are experience-expectant mechanisms?

A

Environmental inputs that all members of a species experience. They play a necessary part in organising the developing nervous system

It enables the child to adapt to specific features of the individual environment that they inhibit

E.g visual cortex which expects to be exposed to light and visual information: needs this for normal development

This is dependent on the relationship between the dyad

Synaptogenesis is dependent on experience-dependent mechanisms

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13
Q

Name the 2 fontanelles in a baby’s skull

When do they close?

A

Anterior fontelle - 18 months

Posterior fontanelle - 2-3 months

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14
Q

What is attachment?

A

Bio-behavioural mechanism that is activated by anxiety and the key role is to reduce stress and restore security

Enable a secure attachment to promote optimal functioning across all developmental domains

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15
Q

Which domains will securely attached infants have optimal functioning?

A

Emotional

Social

Behavioural adjustment

School achievement

Peer-related social status

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16
Q

By what age does an infant experience its first ‘true’ emotion?

A

By 3 months

True emotion based on subjective experience

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17
Q

What is emotional regulation?

A

The process by which the levels of positive + negative emotions are kept within bounds, so they are registered as not overwhelming

Key role of parents is to help the baby regulate their emotions

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18
Q

Summarise DeGangi’s (2017) model of self-regulation

A

Level 1 - homeostasis
Understands own body signals e.g. temperature, and is able to signal to other people homeostatic needs and the need for self-soothing

Level 2 - purposeful communication and the planning of thoughts and actions
Plan and organise thoughts and behaviours, higher cortical control, initiating, maintaining and inhibiting physical actions or impulses

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19
Q

Outline the Brooks-Gunn ‘Rouge Test’ (1979)

A

Dot placed on child’s head

At 18 months old, child should have the ability to recognise their own self

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20
Q

Why are parent-infant interactions important?

A

They have protective or risk-triggering influences on child developmental outcomes

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21
Q

List the 3 dimensions of interactional behaviour

A

Engagement - over-intrusiveness to unengagement

Predictability - consistency to unpredictable

Genuineness - varying from true and genuine to false and deceptive affect

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22
Q

Explain the difference between cephalocaudal and centrifugal growth and development

A

Cephalocaudal Principle - physical and functional development from head to toe. Baby will gain control over neck first then downwards etc.

Centrifugal Principle - baby will grow and develop from proximal to distal

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23
Q

What is the Healthy Child Programme?

A

The Healthy Child Programme is the universal preventive programme that begins in pregnancy and continues through childhood. It is an evidence based programme of growth and developmental reviews, screening, immunisations, health promotion and parenting support.

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24
Q

According to the Healthy Child Programme, what are the core purposes of health and development reviews?

A

Asses growth and development

Detect abnormalities

Asses family strengths, needs and risks

Give mothers and fathers the opportunity to discuss their concerns and aspirations

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25
Which physical parameters of growth are measured in infants?
Weight Length Height (2+ years) Occipito-frontal circumference
26
Discuss standard centile charts
Show where baby is compared to others Weight, length/height, head circumference Used to asses a parameter over time Have 9 centile lines - centile spaces between them Different for boys and girls Special charts for Down's Syndrome
27
What happens to a baby's weight immediately after birth?
All babies loose weight and then are back at birth weight by 2 weeks
28
How many weeks gestation is a premature baby?
Anything before 37 weeks
29
At what stage of a centile chart do babies need to be referred? What could it be a sign of?
When they have fallen through/across 2 centiles Failure to thrive (organic/non-organic)
30
Discuss the National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP)
Provides data for the child excess weight indicators in the public health outcomes framework Government approach to tackling childhood obesity First height/weight taken in school 4-5 years old
31
List Sheriden's 4 developmental domains (birth to 5 years)
Posture and large movements (gross motor) Vision and fine movements (fine movements) Hearing and speech Social behaviour and play
32
At what age should a baby be walking?
2 years old Red flag if not
33
What 3 things, alongside physical examination, must be included to obtain a developmental history?
Perinatal Family Environment
34
What milestones would yo expect a 1 year old to reach?
Crawling Supported standing Single words like “mama” or “dada” Gestures like waving or shaking head Pointing
35
What is adolescence?
Transitional phase of growth & development between childhood and adulthood
36
What is puberty?
The biological changes of adolescence
37
What age is the mean onset of puberty in boys and girls?
11. 2 years - girls | 11. 6 - boys
38
How long does puberty last?
50% of people will complete puberty in 3 years Virtually all complete it in 5
39
Which hormone stimulates puberty?
Pulsing release of GnRH from specialised nerve cells in hypothalamus Stimulates production of FSH and LH
40
Discuss the adolescent growth spurt
Rapid increase in height and weight in virtually all long bones of the body Major exception is female pelvis which grows at a smooth rate till adulthood Girls - 10-18/19 Boys - 12-20/22
41
Discuss the bone growth during puberty and adolescence
Mineral mass is the same in girls and boys until sexual maturation bone mass increases more in boys than girls - boys grow for longer Bone building speed in spine and hip increases 5X Bone size changes with little difference in bone density Skeletal mass doubles at the end of adolescence
42
What changes are seen during female puberty?
Breasts develop and enlarge Pubic and axillary hair grows Growth spurt, pelvic widening Increased fat deposits around hips and breast
43
List the Tanner's staging of Puberty in girls
Stages based on breast development and pubic hair Stage 1 - no breast tissue - no pubic hair Stage 2 - areolar enlargement with breast bud - few hairs along labia Stage 3 - enlargement of breast and areola as single mound - curly pigmented hairs across pubes Stage 4 - projection of areola above breast as double mound - small adult configuration of pubes Stage 5 - mature adult breast with single contour - adult pubic hair distribution
44
Discuss the hormonal control of the menstrual cycle
Hypothalamus secretes luteinising releasing hormone (LHRH) Stimulates pituitary to secrete - FSH - maturation of ovarian follicles + stimulation of oestrogen, leading to ovulation - LH stimulates ovulation, development of corpus luteum, secretion of progesterone
45
List the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle
Menstrual phase (1-5 days) Proliferation phase (6-14 days) Secretory phase (15-28 days)
46
What happens in the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle?
Ovum not fertilised Progesterone and oestrogen falls Layers of endometrium shed Menstruation 4-6 days
47
What happens during the proliferation phase of the menstrual cycle?
Ovarian follicle stimulated by FSH Follicle matures and produces oestrogen Stimulates endometrium to thicken in preparation for follicle Ends with ovulation
48
What happens during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
Rising progesterone produced by corpus luteum Endometrium becomes oedematous Watery mucus is produced If fertilisation does not occur, corpus luteum breaks down due to decline in LH Lack of hormones causes endometrial blood vessels to go int spasm Cells die and menstruation begins
49
Give some changes that occur during male puberty
Increase in height, weight, muscle tone Larynx enlarges, voice deepens and breaks Hair on face, axillae, chest, abdo, pubis Scrotum, penis, prostate enlarge Seminiferous tubules mature and spermatozoa are produced Earliest sign is growth of the testicle LH from the anterior pituitary stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to increase testosterone production
50
Outline the hormonal control of spermatogenesis
AP increases secretion of LH and FSH LH - stimulates leydig cells to secrete testosterone FSH - directly stimulates spermatogenesis
51
List the Tanner's staging of puberty in boys
Stage 1 - p re-pubertal - small testicular size Stage 2 - scrotal enlargement - scrotal skin reddens and changes texture - testicular volume increases - few darker hairs Stage 3 - enlargement of penis (length first) - further growth of testes - curly hairs scross pubes Stage 4 - growth of penile breadth + glans - testes and scrotal enlargement - scrotal skin darker - adult pubes, thighs spared Stage 5 - adult genitalia - adult pubic hair distribution
52
What are some problems that can occur in puberty?
Precocious puberty before 8 years old, 5X more common in girls Delayed puberty - lack of secondary sexual characteristcs by 13g/14b More common in boys
53
What is thought to determine sexual orientation?
Environmental Emotional Hormonal Biological No single gene or environmental factor that is responsible
54
What changes can occur in the adolescent brain?
Synaptogenesis Pruning of weaker connections Occurs in the prefrontal cortex The adolescent loses 3% of gray matter in the frontal lobes Limbic systems perceives rewards and risks Frontal lobe matures later (controls impulses and long-term perspectives) Mid-adolescence take more risks than older adults
55
What functions are controlled by the pre-frontal cortex?
Executive functioning Personality Reward Decision making Social decision making
56
List Piaget's childhood development stages
Sensorimotor (0-2) Preoperational (2-6) Concrete Operational (6-12) Formal Operation (12 - adult)
57
Describe Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development
0-2 years Infant explores the world thought direct sensory and motor contact Object permanence and separation anxiety develops
58
Describe Piaget's formal operational stage of development
12+ years The adolescence can reason abstractly and thinks in hypothetical terms
59
Which region of the limbic system is involved with social recognition?
Amygdala Social recognition builds the foundations on social relationships
60
List some social development tasks tht occur during puberty
Emotional separation from parents Peer identity, development of social autonomy Exploratory behaviours Development of intimate relationships Development of vocational capabilities + financial independence
61
How does an adolescent form an identity?
Becoming independent Achieving mastery or a sense of competence Establishing social status Experiencing intimacy Determining sexual identity Developing physical and psychological autonomy
62
Which of Erikson's psychosocial stage occurs during adolescence?
Identity vs Role Confusion Adolescents need to develop a strong personal identity Failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self
63
What are the effects of tobacco and alcohol on the developing brain?
More vulnerable to negative effects of alcohol on the hippocampus e.g. regulation of working memory and learning Less sensitive to sedative qualities of alcohol Nicotine - cell damage is work in the hippocampus
64
Discuss sleep and the adolescent brain
Circadian rhythm shifts forwards Melatonin secretions which trigger sleepiness start later at night and turn off later in the morning Adolescents need more sleep Most are sleep deprived
65
What is emotional intelligence
The skills necessary for managing emotions and successful relationship
66
What effects do drugs have on the developing brain?
Amphetamines target dopamine receptors May affect brain development in areas of impulse control and ability to experience reward
67
Why is the quality of care-giving in the first 42 months important?
It predicts the quality of romantic relationships in early adulthood
68
What is the best predictor of serious psychopathy in adolescence?
Disorganised attachment at one year old
69
What is the STEP approach when considering adolescence?
Sexual maturation and growth Thinking Education/employment Peers/parents

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