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Block 5 > Child Development and Adolescence > Flashcards

Child Development and Adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

How old is a baby?

A

0-1 years old

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2
Q

How old is an infant?

A

0-2 years old

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3
Q

When is childhood?

A

2-10 years

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4
Q

When is early adolescence?

A

11-13 years old

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5
Q

When is middle adolescence?

A

14-17 years old

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6
Q

When is late adolescence?

A

18-21 years old

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7
Q

What happens to primitive reflexes during development?

A

They are present in the newborn and then disappear/integrate in predictable sequences as infant matures

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8
Q

Give examples of primitive reflexes

A

Rooting

Grasps

Moro

Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex

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9
Q

What is the importance of 1001 Critical Days

A

Days between conception and 2 years

Important for building optimal security and healthy brain development

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10
Q

How does a baby’s brain change in the first year of life?

A

Increases in size from 400g to 1kg

Increased weight is caused by myelination and synaptogenesis

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11
Q

Which region of the brain matures almost entirely after birth?

A

Orbitofrontal regions

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12
Q

What are experience-expectant mechanisms?

A

Environmental inputs that all members of a species experience. They play a necessary part in organising the developing nervous system

It enables the child to adapt to specific features of the individual environment that they inhibit

E.g visual cortex which expects to be exposed to light and visual information: needs this for normal development

This is dependent on the relationship between the dyad

Synaptogenesis is dependent on experience-dependent mechanisms

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13
Q

Name the 2 fontanelles in a baby’s skull

When do they close?

A

Anterior fontelle - 18 months

Posterior fontanelle - 2-3 months

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14
Q

What is attachment?

A

Bio-behavioural mechanism that is activated by anxiety and the key role is to reduce stress and restore security

Enable a secure attachment to promote optimal functioning across all developmental domains

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15
Q

Which domains will securely attached infants have optimal functioning?

A

Emotional

Social

Behavioural adjustment

School achievement

Peer-related social status

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16
Q

By what age does an infant experience its first ‘true’ emotion?

A

By 3 months

True emotion based on subjective experience

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17
Q

What is emotional regulation?

A

The process by which the levels of positive + negative emotions are kept within bounds, so they are registered as not overwhelming

Key role of parents is to help the baby regulate their emotions

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18
Q

Summarise DeGangi’s (2017) model of self-regulation

A

Level 1 - homeostasis
Understands own body signals e.g. temperature, and is able to signal to other people homeostatic needs and the need for self-soothing

Level 2 - purposeful communication and the planning of thoughts and actions
Plan and organise thoughts and behaviours, higher cortical control, initiating, maintaining and inhibiting physical actions or impulses

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19
Q

Outline the Brooks-Gunn ‘Rouge Test’ (1979)

A

Dot placed on child’s head

At 18 months old, child should have the ability to recognise their own self

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20
Q

Why are parent-infant interactions important?

A

They have protective or risk-triggering influences on child developmental outcomes

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21
Q

List the 3 dimensions of interactional behaviour

A

Engagement - over-intrusiveness to unengagement

Predictability - consistency to unpredictable

Genuineness - varying from true and genuine to false and deceptive affect

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22
Q

Explain the difference between cephalocaudal and centrifugal growth and development

A

Cephalocaudal Principle - physical and functional development from head to toe. Baby will gain control over neck first then downwards etc.

Centrifugal Principle - baby will grow and develop from proximal to distal

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23
Q

What is the Healthy Child Programme?

A

The Healthy Child Programme is the universal preventive programme that begins in pregnancy and continues through childhood. It is an evidence based programme of growth and developmental reviews, screening, immunisations, health promotion and parenting support.

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24
Q

According to the Healthy Child Programme, what are the core purposes of health and development reviews?

A

Asses growth and development

Detect abnormalities

Asses family strengths, needs and risks

Give mothers and fathers the opportunity to discuss their concerns and aspirations

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25
Q

Which physical parameters of growth are measured in infants?

A

Weight

Length

Height (2+ years)

Occipito-frontal circumference

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26
Q

Discuss standard centile charts

A

Show where baby is compared to others

Weight, length/height, head circumference

Used to asses a parameter over time

Have 9 centile lines - centile spaces between them

Different for boys and girls

Special charts for Down’s Syndrome

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27
Q

What happens to a baby’s weight immediately after birth?

A

All babies loose weight and then are back at birth weight by 2 weeks

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28
Q

How many weeks gestation is a premature baby?

A

Anything before 37 weeks

29
Q

At what stage of a centile chart do babies need to be referred?

What could it be a sign of?

A

When they have fallen through/across 2 centiles

Failure to thrive (organic/non-organic)

30
Q

Discuss the National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP)

A

Provides data for the child excess weight indicators in the public health outcomes framework

Government approach to tackling childhood obesity

First height/weight taken in school 4-5 years old

31
Q

List Sheriden’s 4 developmental domains (birth to 5 years)

A

Posture and large movements (gross motor)

Vision and fine movements (fine movements)

Hearing and speech

Social behaviour and play

32
Q

At what age should a baby be walking?

A

2 years old

Red flag if not

33
Q

What 3 things, alongside physical examination, must be included to obtain a developmental history?

A

Perinatal

Family

Environment

34
Q

What milestones would yo expect a 1 year old to reach?

A

Crawling

Supported standing

Single words like “mama” or “dada”

Gestures like waving or shaking head

Pointing

35
Q

What is adolescence?

A

Transitional phase of growth & development between childhood and adulthood

36
Q

What is puberty?

A

The biological changes of adolescence

37
Q

What age is the mean onset of puberty in boys and girls?

A
  1. 2 years - girls

11. 6 - boys

38
Q

How long does puberty last?

A

50% of people will complete puberty in 3 years

Virtually all complete it in 5

39
Q

Which hormone stimulates puberty?

A

Pulsing release of GnRH from specialised nerve cells in hypothalamus

Stimulates production of FSH and LH

40
Q

Discuss the adolescent growth spurt

A

Rapid increase in height and weight in virtually all long bones of the body

Major exception is female pelvis which grows at a smooth rate till adulthood

Girls - 10-18/19
Boys - 12-20/22

41
Q

Discuss the bone growth during puberty and adolescence

A

Mineral mass is the same in girls and boys until sexual maturation

bone mass increases more in boys than girls - boys grow for longer

Bone building speed in spine and hip increases 5X

Bone size changes with little difference in bone density

Skeletal mass doubles at the end of adolescence

42
Q

What changes are seen during female puberty?

A

Breasts develop and enlarge

Pubic and axillary hair grows

Growth spurt, pelvic widening

Increased fat deposits around hips and breast

43
Q

List the Tanner’s staging of Puberty in girls

A

Stages based on breast development and pubic hair

Stage 1

  • no breast tissue
  • no pubic hair

Stage 2

  • areolar enlargement with breast bud
  • few hairs along labia

Stage 3

  • enlargement of breast and areola as single mound
  • curly pigmented hairs across pubes

Stage 4

  • projection of areola above breast as double mound
  • small adult configuration of pubes

Stage 5

  • mature adult breast with single contour
  • adult pubic hair distribution
44
Q

Discuss the hormonal control of the menstrual cycle

A

Hypothalamus secretes luteinising releasing hormone (LHRH)

Stimulates pituitary to secrete

  • FSH - maturation of ovarian follicles + stimulation of oestrogen, leading to ovulation
  • LH stimulates ovulation, development of corpus luteum, secretion of progesterone
45
Q

List the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle

A

Menstrual phase (1-5 days)

Proliferation phase (6-14 days)

Secretory phase (15-28 days)

46
Q

What happens in the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovum not fertilised

Progesterone and oestrogen falls

Layers of endometrium shed

Menstruation 4-6 days

47
Q

What happens during the proliferation phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovarian follicle stimulated by FSH

Follicle matures and produces oestrogen

Stimulates endometrium to thicken in preparation for follicle

Ends with ovulation

48
Q

What happens during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Rising progesterone produced by corpus luteum

Endometrium becomes oedematous

Watery mucus is produced

If fertilisation does not occur, corpus luteum breaks down due to decline in LH

Lack of hormones causes endometrial blood vessels to go int spasm

Cells die and menstruation begins

49
Q

Give some changes that occur during male puberty

A

Increase in height, weight, muscle tone

Larynx enlarges, voice deepens and breaks

Hair on face, axillae, chest, abdo, pubis

Scrotum, penis, prostate enlarge

Seminiferous tubules mature and spermatozoa are produced

Earliest sign is growth of the testicle

LH from the anterior pituitary stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to increase testosterone production

50
Q

Outline the hormonal control of spermatogenesis

A

AP increases secretion of LH and FSH

LH
- stimulates leydig cells to secrete testosterone
FSH
- directly stimulates spermatogenesis

51
Q

List the Tanner’s staging of puberty in boys

A

Stage 1

  • p re-pubertal
  • small testicular size

Stage 2

  • scrotal enlargement
  • scrotal skin reddens and changes texture
  • testicular volume increases
  • few darker hairs

Stage 3

  • enlargement of penis (length first)
  • further growth of testes
  • curly hairs scross pubes

Stage 4

  • growth of penile breadth + glans
  • testes and scrotal enlargement
  • scrotal skin darker
  • adult pubes, thighs spared

Stage 5

  • adult genitalia
  • adult pubic hair distribution
52
Q

What are some problems that can occur in puberty?

A

Precocious puberty before 8 years old, 5X more common in girls

Delayed puberty - lack of secondary sexual characteristcs by 13g/14b
More common in boys

53
Q

What is thought to determine sexual orientation?

A

Environmental

Emotional

Hormonal

Biological

No single gene or environmental factor that is responsible

54
Q

What changes can occur in the adolescent brain?

A

Synaptogenesis

Pruning of weaker connections

Occurs in the prefrontal cortex

The adolescent loses 3% of gray matter in the frontal lobes

Limbic systems perceives rewards and risks

Frontal lobe matures later (controls impulses and long-term perspectives)

Mid-adolescence take more risks than older adults

55
Q

What functions are controlled by the pre-frontal cortex?

A

Executive functioning

Personality

Reward

Decision making

Social decision making

56
Q

List Piaget’s childhood development stages

A

Sensorimotor (0-2)

Preoperational (2-6)

Concrete Operational (6-12)

Formal Operation (12 - adult)

57
Q

Describe Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of development

A

0-2 years

Infant explores the world thought direct sensory and motor contact

Object permanence and separation anxiety develops

58
Q

Describe Piaget’s formal operational stage of development

A

12+ years

The adolescence can reason abstractly and thinks in hypothetical terms

59
Q

Which region of the limbic system is involved with social recognition?

A

Amygdala

Social recognition builds the foundations on social relationships

60
Q

List some social development tasks tht occur during puberty

A

Emotional separation from parents

Peer identity, development of social autonomy

Exploratory behaviours

Development of intimate relationships

Development of vocational capabilities + financial independence

61
Q

How does an adolescent form an identity?

A

Becoming independent

Achieving mastery or a sense of competence

Establishing social status

Experiencing intimacy

Determining sexual identity

Developing physical and psychological autonomy

62
Q

Which of Erikson’s psychosocial stage occurs during adolescence?

A

Identity vs Role Confusion

Adolescents need to develop a strong personal identity

Failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self

63
Q

What are the effects of tobacco and alcohol on the developing brain?

A

More vulnerable to negative effects of alcohol on the hippocampus e.g. regulation of working memory and learning

Less sensitive to sedative qualities of alcohol

Nicotine - cell damage is work in the hippocampus

64
Q

Discuss sleep and the adolescent brain

A

Circadian rhythm shifts forwards

Melatonin secretions which trigger sleepiness start later at night and turn off later in the morning

Adolescents need more sleep

Most are sleep deprived

65
Q

What is emotional intelligence

A

The skills necessary for managing emotions and successful relationship

66
Q

What effects do drugs have on the developing brain?

A

Amphetamines target dopamine receptors

May affect brain development in areas of impulse control and ability to experience reward

67
Q

Why is the quality of care-giving in the first 42 months important?

A

It predicts the quality of romantic relationships in early adulthood

68
Q

What is the best predictor of serious psychopathy in adolescence?

A

Disorganised attachment at one year old

69
Q

What is the STEP approach when considering adolescence?

A

Sexual maturation and growth

Thinking

Education/employment

Peers/parents

Block 5 (6 decks)

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