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Z YEAR 2 BRS Embryology > Child development > Flashcards

Child development Flashcards

1
Q

What is grey matter association cortices?

A
  1. function less predictable
  2. not organised topographically
  3. left-right symmetry weak or absent
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2
Q

What areas of the brain are involved in sensory information from skin, muscoskeletal system, viscera and taste buds?

A
  1. Primary somatic sensory cortex
  2. Parietal lobe
  3. Sensory association area
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3
Q

What are of the brain is involved in vision?

A
  1. Visual association area
  2. Occipital lobe
  3. Visual cortex
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4
Q

What part of the brain is involved in hearing?

A
  1. Auditory association area

2. Auditory cortex

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5
Q

What brain cortex is involved in taste?

A

gustatory cortex

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6
Q

What brain cortex is involved in smell?

A

olfactory

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7
Q

What does the pre-frontal association area involved in the brain?

A

coordinate information from other association areas, controls some behaviours

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8
Q

What are the pyramidal tracts?

A
  1. Lateral corticospinal tracts

2. Anterior corticospinal tracrs

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9
Q

What are extrapyramidal tracts?

A
  1. Rubrospinal tract
  2. Reticulospinal tract
  3. Vestibulospinal tract
  4. Olivospinal tract
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10
Q

What is the function of vestibulospinal tract and olivospinal tract?

A
  • Regulates posture to maintain balance
  • Facilitate mainly a motoneurons of the postural
  • Anti-gravity (extensor) muscles
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11
Q

What is the function of reticulospinal tract?

A

coordinate automated movements of locomotion and posture (e.g. to painful stimuli)

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12
Q

What is the function of the rubrospinal tract?

A

automatic movements of arm in response to posture/balance changes

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13
Q

What are the pyramidal tracts?

A

control voluntary movements

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14
Q

What are the components of a reflex arc?

A
  1. Sensory receptor: responds to a stimulus by producing a generator or receptor potential
  2. Sensory neuron: axon conducts impulses from receptor to integrating center
  3. Integrating center: one or more regions within the CNS that relay impusles from sensory to motor neurons
  4. Motor neuron: axon conducts impulses from integrating center to effector
  5. Effector: muscle or gland that responds to motor nerve impulses
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15
Q

What is development?

A

global impression of a child encompassing; growth, increase in understanding, acquisition of new skills and more sophisticated response and behaviour

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16
Q

Why is development important?

A

Endows child with increasingly complex skills in order to function in society

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17
Q

Who affects development?

A
  • Parents
  • All doctors
  • Nursery nurses
  • Teachers
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18
Q

When is development?

A
  • Opportunistically

- Planned as part of programme of reviews

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19
Q

What are the four things in a developmental assessment?

A
  1. Speech and language skills
  2. Social skills
  3. Gross motor skills
  4. Fine motor skills
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20
Q

What is involved gross motor skills?

A
  1. Position
  2. Head lag
  3. Sitting
  4. Walking
  5. Running
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21
Q

What is involved in fine motor skills?

A
  1. Use of hands
  2. Grasp and fine pincer
  3. Bricks
  4. Crayon
  5. Puzzles
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22
Q

What is involved in social skills?

A
  1. Social interaction
  2. Stranger reaction
  3. Eating skills
  4. Dressing
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23
Q

What is involved speech and language skills?

A
  1. Vocalization
  2. Words
  3. Understanding
  4. Imaginative play
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24
Q

What is the gross motor development of newborn?

A
  1. Limited flexed symmetrical posture

2. Marked head lag on pulling up

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25
Q

What is the gross motor development of 6-8 weeks?

A

Raises head to 45 degree in prone

26
Q

What is the gross motor development of 6-8 months?

A
  • Sits without support
    1. At 6 months: with round back
    2. At 8 months: with straight back
27
Q

What is the gross motor development of 8-9 months?

A

Crawling

28
Q

What is the gross motor development of 10 months?

A

Cruises around furniture

29
Q

What is the gross motor development of 12 months?

A

walks unsteadily, broad gait, hands apart

30
Q

What is the gross motor development of 15 months?

A

walks steadily

31
Q

What are the variations of normal?

A
  1. Immobile infant
  2. ‘Commando crawl’
  3. Crawling on all fours
  4. Bottom-shuffling
  5. Walking toddler
32
Q

What are vision and fine motor (median ages) 6 weeks?

A

Follows moving object or face by turning the head

33
Q

What are vision and fine motor (median ages) 4 months?

A

reaches out for toys

34
Q

What are vision and fine motor (median ages) 4-6 months?

A

palmar grasp

35
Q

What are vision and fine motor (median ages) 7 months?

A

transfers toys from one hand to another

36
Q

What are vision and fine motor (median ages) 10 months?

A

mature pincer grip

37
Q

What are vision and fine motor (median ages) 16-18 months?

A

makes marks with a crayon

38
Q

What are vision and fine motor (median ages) 14 months - 4 years?

A
  1. Tower of three (18 months)
  2. Tower of six (2 years)
  3. Tower of eight or a train with four bricks (2.5 years)
  4. Bridge (from a mode) 3 years
  5. Steps (after demonstration) 4 years
39
Q

What are vision and fine motor (median ages) 2-5 years?

A
  1. Line (2 years)
  2. Circle (3 years)
  3. Cross (3.5 years)
  4. Square (4 years)
  5. Triangle (5 years)
    - Ability to draw without seeing how it is done
    - Can copy (draw after seeing it done) 6 months earlier
40
Q

What are the hearing, speech and language (median ages) at newborn?

A

startles to loud noises

41
Q

What are the hearing, speech and language (median ages) at 3-4 months?

A

vocalises alone or when spoken to, coos and laughs

42
Q

What are the hearing, speech and language (median ages) at 7 months?

A

turns to soft sounds out of sight

43
Q

What are the hearing, speech and language (median ages) at 7-10 months?

A
  • at 7 months, sounds used indiscreminately

- at 10 months, sounds used discriminately to parents

44
Q

What are the hearing, speech and language (median ages) at 12 months?

A

two to three words other than dada or mama

45
Q

What are the hearing, speech and language (median ages) at 18 months?

A

6-10 words, shows two parts of the body

46
Q

What are the hearing, speech and language (median ages) at 20-24 months?

A

uses two or more words to make simple phrases

47
Q

What are the hearing, speech and language (median ages) at 2.5 -3 years?

A

talks constantly in 3-4 word sentences

48
Q

What are the social, emotional and behavioural development (median ages) at 18 months?

A

holds spoon and gets food safely to mouth

49
Q

What are the social, emotional and behavioural development (median ages) at 18-24 months?

A

symbolic play

50
Q

What are the social, emotional and behavioural development (median ages) at 6 weeks?

A

smiles responsively

51
Q

What are the social, emotional and behavioural development (median ages) at 6-8 months?

A

puts food in mouth

52
Q

What are the social, emotional and behavioural development (median ages) at 10-12 months?

A

waves bye-bye, plays peek-a-boo

53
Q

What are the social, emotional and behavioural development (median ages) at 12 months?

A

drinks from a cup with two hands

54
Q

What are the social, emotional and behavioural development (median ages) at 2 years?

A

dry by day, pulls off some clothing

55
Q

What are the social, emotional and behavioural development (median ages) at 2.5-3 years?

A

parallel play, interactive play evolving, takes turns

56
Q

What is the gross motor, vision and fine motor, hearing speech and language, and social, emotional and behavioural as a newborn?

A
  • Gross motor: flexed posture
  • Vision and fine motor: fixes and follows face
  • Hearing, speech and language: stills to voice and startles to loud noise
  • Social, emotional and behavioural: smiles by 6 weeks
57
Q

What is the gross motor, vision and fine motor, hearing speech and language, and social, emotional and behavioural at 7 months?

A
  • Gross motor: sits without support
  • Vision and fine motor: transfers objects from hand to hand
  • Hearing, speech and language: turns to voice, polysyllabic babble
  • Social, emotional and behavioural: finger feeds, fears strangers
58
Q

What is the gross motor, vision and fine motor, hearing speech and language, and social, emotional and behavioural at 1 year?

A
  • Gross motor: stands independently
  • Vision and fine motor: pincer grip (10 months), points
  • Hearing, speech and language: 1-2 words, understands name
  • Social, emotional and behavioural: drinks from cup, waves
59
Q

What is the gross motor, vision and fine motor, hearing speech and language, and social, emotional and behavioural at 15-18 months?

A
  • Gross motor: walks independently
  • Vision and fine motor: immature grip of pencil, random scribble
  • Hearing, speech and language: 6-10 words, points to four body parts
  • Social, emotional and behavioural: feeds self with spoon, beginning to help with dressing
60
Q

What is the gross motor, vision and fine motor, hearing speech and language, and social, emotional and behavioural at 2.5 years?

A
  • Gross motor: runs and jumps
  • Vision and fine motor: draws
  • Hearing, speech and language: 3-4 words sentences, understands two joined commands
  • Social, emotional and behavioural: parallel play, clean and dry

Z YEAR 2 BRS Embryology (10 decks)

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