Child development Flashcards
What is grey matter association cortices?
- function less predictable
- not organised topographically
- left-right symmetry weak or absent
What areas of the brain are involved in sensory information from skin, muscoskeletal system, viscera and taste buds?
- Primary somatic sensory cortex
- Parietal lobe
- Sensory association area
What are of the brain is involved in vision?
- Visual association area
- Occipital lobe
- Visual cortex
What part of the brain is involved in hearing?
- Auditory association area
2. Auditory cortex
What brain cortex is involved in taste?
gustatory cortex
What brain cortex is involved in smell?
olfactory
What does the pre-frontal association area involved in the brain?
coordinate information from other association areas, controls some behaviours
What are the pyramidal tracts?
- Lateral corticospinal tracts
2. Anterior corticospinal tracrs
What are extrapyramidal tracts?
- Rubrospinal tract
- Reticulospinal tract
- Vestibulospinal tract
- Olivospinal tract
What is the function of vestibulospinal tract and olivospinal tract?
- Regulates posture to maintain balance
- Facilitate mainly a motoneurons of the postural
- Anti-gravity (extensor) muscles
What is the function of reticulospinal tract?
coordinate automated movements of locomotion and posture (e.g. to painful stimuli)
What is the function of the rubrospinal tract?
automatic movements of arm in response to posture/balance changes
What are the pyramidal tracts?
control voluntary movements
What are the components of a reflex arc?
- Sensory receptor: responds to a stimulus by producing a generator or receptor potential
- Sensory neuron: axon conducts impulses from receptor to integrating center
- Integrating center: one or more regions within the CNS that relay impusles from sensory to motor neurons
- Motor neuron: axon conducts impulses from integrating center to effector
- Effector: muscle or gland that responds to motor nerve impulses
What is development?
global impression of a child encompassing; growth, increase in understanding, acquisition of new skills and more sophisticated response and behaviour
Why is development important?
Endows child with increasingly complex skills in order to function in society
Who affects development?
- Parents
- All doctors
- Nursery nurses
- Teachers
When is development?
- Opportunistically
- Planned as part of programme of reviews
What are the four things in a developmental assessment?
- Speech and language skills
- Social skills
- Gross motor skills
- Fine motor skills
What is involved gross motor skills?
- Position
- Head lag
- Sitting
- Walking
- Running
What is involved in fine motor skills?
- Use of hands
- Grasp and fine pincer
- Bricks
- Crayon
- Puzzles
What is involved in social skills?
- Social interaction
- Stranger reaction
- Eating skills
- Dressing
What is involved speech and language skills?
- Vocalization
- Words
- Understanding
- Imaginative play
What is the gross motor development of newborn?
- Limited flexed symmetrical posture
2. Marked head lag on pulling up
What is the gross motor development of 6-8 weeks?
Raises head to 45 degree in prone
What is the gross motor development of 6-8 months?
- Sits without support
1. At 6 months: with round back
2. At 8 months: with straight back
What is the gross motor development of 8-9 months?
Crawling
What is the gross motor development of 10 months?
Cruises around furniture
What is the gross motor development of 12 months?
walks unsteadily, broad gait, hands apart
What is the gross motor development of 15 months?
walks steadily
What are the variations of normal?
- Immobile infant
- ‘Commando crawl’
- Crawling on all fours
- Bottom-shuffling
- Walking toddler
What are vision and fine motor (median ages) 6 weeks?
Follows moving object or face by turning the head
What are vision and fine motor (median ages) 4 months?
reaches out for toys
What are vision and fine motor (median ages) 4-6 months?
palmar grasp
What are vision and fine motor (median ages) 7 months?
transfers toys from one hand to another
What are vision and fine motor (median ages) 10 months?
mature pincer grip
What are vision and fine motor (median ages) 16-18 months?
makes marks with a crayon
What are vision and fine motor (median ages) 14 months - 4 years?
- Tower of three (18 months)
- Tower of six (2 years)
- Tower of eight or a train with four bricks (2.5 years)
- Bridge (from a mode) 3 years
- Steps (after demonstration) 4 years
What are vision and fine motor (median ages) 2-5 years?
- Line (2 years)
- Circle (3 years)
- Cross (3.5 years)
- Square (4 years)
- Triangle (5 years)
- Ability to draw without seeing how it is done
- Can copy (draw after seeing it done) 6 months earlier
What are the hearing, speech and language (median ages) at newborn?
startles to loud noises
What are the hearing, speech and language (median ages) at 3-4 months?
vocalises alone or when spoken to, coos and laughs
What are the hearing, speech and language (median ages) at 7 months?
turns to soft sounds out of sight
What are the hearing, speech and language (median ages) at 7-10 months?
- at 7 months, sounds used indiscreminately
- at 10 months, sounds used discriminately to parents
What are the hearing, speech and language (median ages) at 12 months?
two to three words other than dada or mama
What are the hearing, speech and language (median ages) at 18 months?
6-10 words, shows two parts of the body
What are the hearing, speech and language (median ages) at 20-24 months?
uses two or more words to make simple phrases
What are the hearing, speech and language (median ages) at 2.5 -3 years?
talks constantly in 3-4 word sentences
What are the social, emotional and behavioural development (median ages) at 18 months?
holds spoon and gets food safely to mouth
What are the social, emotional and behavioural development (median ages) at 18-24 months?
symbolic play
What are the social, emotional and behavioural development (median ages) at 6 weeks?
smiles responsively
What are the social, emotional and behavioural development (median ages) at 6-8 months?
puts food in mouth
What are the social, emotional and behavioural development (median ages) at 10-12 months?
waves bye-bye, plays peek-a-boo
What are the social, emotional and behavioural development (median ages) at 12 months?
drinks from a cup with two hands
What are the social, emotional and behavioural development (median ages) at 2 years?
dry by day, pulls off some clothing
What are the social, emotional and behavioural development (median ages) at 2.5-3 years?
parallel play, interactive play evolving, takes turns
What is the gross motor, vision and fine motor, hearing speech and language, and social, emotional and behavioural as a newborn?
- Gross motor: flexed posture
- Vision and fine motor: fixes and follows face
- Hearing, speech and language: stills to voice and startles to loud noise
- Social, emotional and behavioural: smiles by 6 weeks
What is the gross motor, vision and fine motor, hearing speech and language, and social, emotional and behavioural at 7 months?
- Gross motor: sits without support
- Vision and fine motor: transfers objects from hand to hand
- Hearing, speech and language: turns to voice, polysyllabic babble
- Social, emotional and behavioural: finger feeds, fears strangers
What is the gross motor, vision and fine motor, hearing speech and language, and social, emotional and behavioural at 1 year?
- Gross motor: stands independently
- Vision and fine motor: pincer grip (10 months), points
- Hearing, speech and language: 1-2 words, understands name
- Social, emotional and behavioural: drinks from cup, waves
What is the gross motor, vision and fine motor, hearing speech and language, and social, emotional and behavioural at 15-18 months?
- Gross motor: walks independently
- Vision and fine motor: immature grip of pencil, random scribble
- Hearing, speech and language: 6-10 words, points to four body parts
- Social, emotional and behavioural: feeds self with spoon, beginning to help with dressing
What is the gross motor, vision and fine motor, hearing speech and language, and social, emotional and behavioural at 2.5 years?
- Gross motor: runs and jumps
- Vision and fine motor: draws
- Hearing, speech and language: 3-4 words sentences, understands two joined commands
- Social, emotional and behavioural: parallel play, clean and dry
