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BD > Child Development > Flashcards

Child Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major gross motor and fine motor skills of a 4 month old?

A
  • Holds head steady (but unsupported)
  • May roll from stomach to back
  • Can hold/shake a toy
  • Brings hands to mouth
  • Pushes up to elbows while lying on stomach
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2
Q

What are the major gross motor and fine motor skills of a 6 month old?

A
  • Rolls over (both ways)
  • Begins sitting without support
  • Supports weight on legs while standing (might bounce)
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3
Q

What are the major gross motor and fine motor skills of a 9 month old?

A
  • Sits without support
  • Pulls to stand
  • Crawls
  • Uses immature pincer grasp (thumb and forefinger) to pick up small items
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4
Q

What are the major language milestones throughout a child’s first year of life?

A
  • 4 months: cooing
  • 6 months: stringing vowels together, taking turns with parents while making sounds, responding to name, making noises to express joy/displeasure, saying consonant sounds (mm, dd)
  • 9 months: understanding of “no,” repeating consonant sounds (mamama, bababa), using fingers to point
  • 12 months: responding to simple spoken requests, using simple gestures (shaking head “no,” waving “bye”), saying “mama” and “dada,” making exclamations, using 1-2 single words
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5
Q

What are the major language milestones for a child from 1 year to 5 years?

A
  • 18 months: saying several single words (6 words); pointing to show someone what they want or to get attention
  • 2 years: saying sentences with 2-4 words
  • 3 years: following instructions w/ 2-3 steps; naming most familiar things; stating first name, age, and sex; saying personal pronouns (I, me, we, you); talking well enough for strangers to understand; carrying on convo with 2-3 sentences
  • 4 years: using “he” and “she” correctly; singing a song from memory; telling stores; saying first and last name
  • 5 years: telling a simple story using full sentences; using future tense; saying full name and address
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6
Q

What are the cognitive/social milestones of a 6 month old?

A
  • Shows curiosity by reaching for things out of reach

- Passes things from one hand to another

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7
Q

What are the cognitive/social milestones of a 9 month old?

A

-Copies gestures

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8
Q

What are the cognitive/social milestones of a 9 month old?

A
  • Copies gestures of others
  • Watches the path of something as it falls
  • Looks for things he/she sees someone hide
  • Plays peek-a-boo (concept of “serve and return”), puts things in mouth
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9
Q

What are the cognitive/social milestones of a 12 month old?

A
  • Starts using things correctly (using a cup to drink, using a brush to comb hair)
  • Puts things in and out of a container
  • Releases items without help
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10
Q

What are the major gross motor and fine motor skills of a 12 month old?

A
  • Pulls up to stand
  • Walks without holding on to furniture (“cruising”)
  • May take a few steps w/o holding on
  • May stand alone
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11
Q

At which age of development does a child begin “cruising”? (walking while holding on to furniture or objects)

A

12 months

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12
Q

What are the major cognitive/social milestones of an 18 month old?

A
  • Knows what ordinary things are for (phone, brush, spoon)
  • Shows interest in doll or stuffed animal by pretending to feed
  • Scribbles on own
  • Can follow one-step verbal commands w/o needing a gesture
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13
Q

What are the major cognitive/social milestones of an 2 year old?

A
  • Plays simple make-believe games (more elaborate w/ multiple play items)
  • Builds towers of 6+ blocks
  • Starts to play with other children, or at least be interested in other kids
  • Follows two-step instructions
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14
Q

What are the major cognitive/social milestones of an 3 year old?

A
  • Does puzzles with 3 or 4 pieces
  • Copies a circle with pencil or crayon
  • Plays simple games
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15
Q

At what age do children begin to pretend play?

A

18 months

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16
Q

What are the major cognitive/social milestones of an 4 year old?

A
  • Names colors and some numbers
  • Starts understanding time (in simple terms- today vs. tomorrow)
  • Uses scissors
  • Plays with several children
  • Incorporates role play into games
17
Q

What are the major cognitive/social milestones of an 5 year old?

A
  • Counts 10+ things
  • Can draw a person with at least 6 body parts
  • Writes name
  • Copies a triangle and other geometric shapes
18
Q

At what age do children begin playing with other children?

A

2 years old

19
Q

At what age do children begin incorporating role play into their play?

A

4 years

20
Q

What are the major gross motor and fine motor skills of an 18 month old?

A
  • Walks alone
  • Walks up stairs with hand held
  • Climbs onto furniture
  • Drinks from a cup
  • Eats with a spoon
21
Q

What are the major gross motor and fine motor skills of a 2 year old?

A
  • Kicks a ball

- Runs and jumps

22
Q

What are the major gross motor and fine motor skills of a 3 year old?

A

-Pedals a tricycle

23
Q

What are the major gross motor and fine motor skills of a 4 year old?

A
  • Hops and stands on one foot up to 2 seconds
  • Catches bounced ball most of time
  • Alternates feet going down stairs
  • Copies crosses and square
24
Q

What are the major gross motor and fine motor skills of a 5 year old?

A
  • Stands on one foot for 10 seconds or longer
  • Skips
  • Uses a fork, spoon, and sometimes a table knife
25
Q

What is ASD?

A

Autism Spectrum Disorder

  • Neurodevelopmental
  • Social and communication disorder
  • Signs persist (not transient)
  • Must be confirmed by 3 professionals
26
Q

What is echolalia?

A

Repeating words and phrases over and over; a developmental red flag for autism

27
Q

What are the general language guidelines used by parents and practitioners?

A
  • Age 1: single words, 25% of speech intelligible to strangers
  • Age 2: two-word combos, 50% of speech intelligible to strangers
  • Age 3: three-word combos, 75% of speech intelligible to strangers
  • Age 4: four-word sentences, 100% of speech intelligible to strangers
28
Q

How is developmental screening used in primary care settings to identify children with developmental delays?

A

Developmental screening uses a standardized tool to assess a child’s progress in various core developmental areas, and it helps identify children with delays. This screening tool then allows children to be referred to appropriate services/therapies. There are better outcomes for many developmental disabilities with early receipt of services.

29
Q

What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

A
  • Sensorimotor (0-2): exploration of environment; object permanence developed
  • Pre-operational (3-6): characterized by egocentric view; child uses symbolic language but cannot use logical processes to arrive at conclusions
  • Concrete Operational (7-10): child uses logical rules to solve problems; principle of conservation emerges; child begins to take the perspective of another
  • Formal Operational (11+): child uses abstract concepts and can consider real or hypothetical events; child can consider divergent possibility and what might occur (“what ifs”)
30
Q

What are some of the standardized instruments used to take a developmental history of a child for whom a parent is concerned?

A
  • Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (MCHAT)
  • Ages and Stages Questionnaire
  • Parents’ Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS) questionnaire
31
Q

What are the KEY gross motor milestones for each age?

A
  • 4 months: supports weight on forearms, holds head steady
  • 6 months: sits momentarily without support
  • 9 months: pulls to stand
  • 12 months: takes steps while holding on to furniture (“cruising”)**
  • 18 months: walks up stairs with assistance, climbing
  • 24 months: runs and jumps
  • 3 years: pedals a tricycle, alternates feet going up stairs
  • 4 years: hops on one foot, alternates feet going down stairs
  • 5 years: skips
32
Q

What are the KEY fine motor milestones for each age?

A
  • 4 months: opens hands spontaneously, holds a toy and shakes it
  • 6 months: transfers objects b/t hands
  • 9 months: inferior pincer grasp**
  • 12 months: releases objects on command, fine pincer grasp
  • 18 months: uses spoon to feed self**
  • 24 months: builds a tower of 6 blocks
  • 3 years: copies a drawn circle
  • 4 years: copies more complicated shapes, like a cross or a square
  • 5 years: copies a triangle, writes first name
33
Q

What are the KEY social skills for each age?

A
  • 4 months: smiles appropriately
  • 6 months: shows likes and dislikes
  • 9 months: plays pat-a-cake and peek-a-boo
  • 12 months: points with index finger
  • 18 months: mimics actions of others**
  • 24 months: plays with others**
  • 3 years: plays simple games
  • 4 years: plays with several children, beginning of role playing**
  • 5 years: plays competitive games
34
Q

What are the KEY language skills for each age?

A
  • 4 months: coos, laughs
  • 6 months: babbles
  • 9 months: initiates sounds (repetitive consonant sounds)
  • 12 months: 1-2 meaningful words
  • 18 months: at least 6 words
  • 24 months: 2- to 4-word sentences
  • 3 years: knows age and gender, speaks in sentences
  • 4 years: tells a story
  • 5 years: uses future tense
35
Q

What are some of the key red flags in development?

A
  • Rolling before 3 months
  • Hand dominance before 18 months
  • Not walking by 18 months
  • Asymmetry
  • No babbling, pointing, or gestures by 12 months of age
  • No two-word sentences by 24 months of age
  • Loss of skills
36
Q

What are the developmental red flags, specifically for ASD?

A
  • No big smiles or joyful expressions
  • No back-and-forth sharing of sounds, smiles, or facial expressions
  • No babbling by 12 months
  • Any loss of speech or skills
  • No response to name by 12 months of age
  • No pointing at objects to show interest
  • Avoiding eye contact and wanting to be alone
  • Obsessive interests
  • Unusual sensory reactions
  • Delayed speech or language
  • No pretend play
  • Trouble understanding others’ feelings

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