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LCRS 1 - RDA > Child development > Flashcards

Child development Flashcards

1
Q

Define child development

A
  • Development is the global impression of a child which encompasses growth, increase in understanding, acquisition of new skills and more sophisticated responses and behaviour
  • Serves to endow the child with increasingly complex skills in order to function in society
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2
Q

What are the developmental domains?

A
  1. Gross motor and posture
  2. Fine motor and vision
  3. Language and hearing
  4. Social, emotional and behavioural
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3
Q

What tools are available for assessing childhood development?

A
  • Developmental screening

- Standardised developmental assessment - SOGSII, Griffiths

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4
Q

What are the key developmental milestones at 6 weeks?

A

Gross motor: head level w/body in ventral suspension

Fine motor + vision: fixes and follows

H, S, L: becomes still in response to sound

S, E, B: Smiles

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5
Q

What is happening to the incidence of autism + ADHD?

A

Increasing incidence

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6
Q

What is abnormal development?

A
  • Refers to slow acquisition of skills and follows 3 main patterns:
    1. Slow but steady
    2. Plateau
    3. Regression
  • Delay may occur in 1 or more domain(s)
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7
Q

What are the key developmental milestones at 3 months?

A

Gross motor: holds head at 90 degrees in ventral supension

Fine motor + vision: holds an object placed in hand

H, S, L: turns to sound

S, E, B: hand regard, laughs, squeals

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8
Q

What are the key developmental milestones at 6 months?

A

Gross motor: no head lag on pull to sit; sits with support; in prone position lifts up on forearms

Fine motor + vision: palmar grasp of objects; transfers objects hand to hand

H, S, L: vocalisations

S, E, B: may finger feed self

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9
Q

What are the key developmental milestones at 9 months?

A

Gross motor: crawls; sits steadily when unsupported + pivots around

Fine motor + vision: pincer grasp; index finger approach’ bangs 2 cubes together

H, S, L: 2 syllable babble, non-specific - consonant-vowel, e.g. mama

S, E, B: waves bye bye; plays pat-a-cake; indicates wants; stranger anxiety emerging

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10
Q

What are the key developmental milestones at 12 months?

A

Gross motor: pulls to stand; cruises; may stand alone briefly; may walk alone

Fine motor + vision: puts block in cup; casts about

H, S, L: 1-2 words; imitates adults’ sounds

S, E, B: imitates activities; object permanence (objects exist when cannot be seen) established; stranger anxiety established; points to indicate wants

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11
Q

What are the key developmental milestones at 18 months?

A

Gross motor: walks well; runs

Fine motor + vision: builds tower of 2-4 cubes’ hand preference emerges

H, S, L: 6-12 words

S, E, B: uses spoon; symbolic play - “talking” on phone; domestic mimicry - “helps” in household chores

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12
Q

What are the key developmental milestones at 2 years?

A

Gross motor: kicks ball; climbs stairs 2 feet per step

Fine motor + vision: builds tower of 6-7 cubes; does circular scribbles

H, S, L: joins 2-3 words; knows some body parts; identifies objects in pictures

S, E, B: can remove some clothes

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13
Q

What are the key developmental milestones at 3 years?

A

Gross motor: stands briefly on one foot; climbs stairs 1 foot per step

Fine motor + vision: builds tower of 9 cubes; copies a circle

H, S, L: talks in short sentences that a stranger can understand

S, E, B: eats with fork + spoon; puts on clothes; may be toilet trained

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14
Q

Summarise the examples of developmental delay

A
  1. Cerebral palsy - disorder of mvmt and posture
  2. Autism spectrum disorder
  3. ADHD
  4. Learning disability - reduced intellectual functioning, delay in early milestones, dysmorphic features
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15
Q

What factors are considered in a history of a child with developmental delay?

A
  1. Antenatal - illnesses/infections; medications; drugs; environmental exposures
  2. Birth –prematurity, prolonged/complicated labour
  3. Postnatal - illnesses/infections; trauma
  4. Consanguinity – increases chances of chromosomal or autosomal recessive conditions
  5. Developmental milestones from parent
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16
Q

What are the characteristics of autism?

A
  • Prevalence = 3-6 per 1000 live births
  • Boys>girls
  • Usually presents between 2-4yrs

Features:

  1. Impaired social interaction
  2. Speech and language disorder
  3. Imposition of routines with ritualistic and repetitive behaviour
  • Comorbidities include learning and attention difficulties, and epilepsy
  • Managed by intensive support for child + family
17
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for ADHD?

A
  1. Inattention
  2. Hyperactivity
  3. Impulsivity
  4. Lasting > 6 months
  5. commencing < 7 years and inconsistent with the child’s developmental level
  • These features should be present in more than one setting, and cause significant social or school impairment

Management
Psychotherapy - Behavioural therapies
Family therapy

18
Q

How is a child with developmental delay managed clinically?

A
  1. Investigations
    - Depends on suspected cause
    - E.g. cytogenetic studies
    - Metabolic screen (thyroid, renal, liver and bone profiles)
    - Blood ammonia and lactate
    - Urine and blood organic and amino acids
    - Creatine kinase
    - Imaging – CT, MRI; EEG
    - Nerve and muscle biopsy
  2. Other professionals
    - Referral to members of MDT helps identify problems and target input.
19
Q

How is a child with developmental delay examined?

A
  1. Growth parameters – height, weight, head circumference
  2. Dysmorphic features
  3. Neurological examination and skin
  4. Systems examination to identify associations, syndromes
  5. Standardised developmental assessment – SOGSII, Griffiths
20
Q

What do children with ADHD have an increased risk of?

A
  • Conduct disorder
  • Anxiety disorder
  • Aggression

A significant proportion of children with ADHD will become adults with antisocial personality and there is an increased incidence of criminal behaviour and substance abuse.

21
Q

What are the risk factors for ADHD?

A
  • Boys > girls, 4:1
  • Learning difficulties and developmental delay
  • Neurological disorder, e.g. epilepsy, cerebral palsy
  • First-degree relative with ADHD
  • Family member with depression, learning disability, antisocial personality or substance abuse
22
Q

How is ADHD managed?

A
  • Psychotherapy - behavioural therapies
  • Family therapy
  • Drugs - if therapy is insufficient - stimulants
  • Diet e.g. excluding red food colouring
23
Q

What problems do children with ADHD face later in life?

A
  • Antisocial personality

- Increased incidence of criminal behaviour + substance abuse

LCRS 1 - RDA (9 decks)

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