Child Development Flashcards
1
Q
Adoptive family:
A
a family who has welcomed a child born to another into their family and legally adopted that child as their own.
2
Q
Blended family:
A
a family consisting of a couple and their children from this and all previous relationships
3
Q
Childless family
A
a couple who choose or cannot have children
4
Q
Co-parenting:
A
when a divorced or separated parent shares equally with the other parent in the custody and care of a child
5
Q
Culture:
A
the customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group
6
Q
Esteem needs
A
people’s desires to have a stable and realistically positive evaluation of themselves
7
Q
Extended family:
A
a family that extends beyond the nuclear family, including grandparents, aunts, uncles, and other relatives, who all live in one household
8
Q
Family:
A
a group of people related to one another by blood, marriage, or strong bond
9
Q
Foster family:
A
a family or adult who takes care of a child who is not his or her biological child
10
Q
Love and acceptance needs:
A
include romantic relationships and ties to friends and family members, as well as our need to feel that we belong to a social group
11
Q
Nuclear family:
A
a family that includes a couple and their dependent children: regarded as a basic social unit
12
Q
Parenting:
A
involves rearing children and includes providing safety, supervision, and control; medical care; education; financially supporting needs; provide food, clothing, shelter; and protecting your child from harm; while shaping them to be a positive and productive asset to society
13
Q
Physiological needs:
A
biological requirements for human survival
14
Q
Prosocial behaviors
A
behaviors through which parties benefit from each other
15
Q
Safety needs:
A
needs for freedom from illness or danger and for a secure, familiar, and predictable environment
16
Q
Self-actualization needs:
A
the realization or fulfillment of one’s talents and potentialities while understanding the need for the greater good of those around you
17
Q
Single parent:
A
a person bringing up a child or children without a partner
18
Q
Society
A
a large group of interacting people in a defined territory, sharing a common culture
19
Q
Support systems:
A
a network of people who provide basic needs, emotional support, and in some cases, financial support to a person
20
Q
Universality
A
the quality of involving or being shared by all people or things in the world or in a particular group
21
Q
Values
A
a person’s principles or standards of behavior; one’s judgment of what is important in life
22
Q
Apprenticeship
A
an arrangement in which someone learns an art, trade, or job from the direction of another
23
Q
Associate’s degree:
A
a degree granted after a two-year course of study, especially by a community or junior college
24
Q
Bachelor’s degree:
A
a degree awarded by a college or university to a person who has completed undergraduate studies
25
Child development:
a sequence of physical, language, thought, and emotional changes that occur in a child from birth to the beginning of adulthood
26
Credentials:
qualifications from previous achievements, trailing, and general background that indicate a person is capable of doing a specific kind of work
27
Effective communication
:the ability to convey information to another person effectively and efficiently
28
Employability skills:
transferable skills that are useful in nearly every job
29
Entry level:
a job that requires minimal education, training, and experience
30
Graduate degree
an advanced academic degree in a specialized field of study, pursued after one has already obtained a bachelor’s degree
31
Internship:
the work done by a student or trainee in an organization, sometimes without pay, to gain work experience or satisfy requirements for a qualification
32
Adoption:
the action or fact of legally taking another's child and bringing it up as one's own, or the fact of being adopted
33
Amniocentesis:
the sampling of amniotic fluid using a hollow needle inserted into the uterus, to screen for developmental abnormalities in a fetus
34
Amniotic fluid
the fluid surrounding a fetus within the amnion
35
Artificial insemination:
the medical procedure of injecting semen into the vagina or uterus
36
Blastocyst:
a fertilized egg after 5 days, a rapidly dividing ball of cells
37
Cervix:
the lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina
38
Conception:
the joining of a sperm and egg, also known as fertilization
39
Diagnostic prenatal test:
testing the fetus before birth (prenatally) to determine whether the fetus has certain abnormalities, including certain hereditary or spontaneous genetic disorders
40
Embryo:
an unborn human in the very early stages of development, weeks 3–8, when cells continue to divide and begin to take on different functions
41
Embryonic stage:
the stage starting when the blastocyst implants into the uterus through the eighth week following fertilization
42
Fallopian tubes:
a pair of tubes through which female eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus
43
Fetus:
a developing human from usually two months after conception to birth
44
Folate:
a B vitamin (found in dark leafy greens, oranges, nuts, beans, and peas) that the body needs to make DNA and other genetic material, and to help cells divide
45
Folic acid
a synthetic form of folate that is added to fortify foods
46
Full-term pregnancy:
when a baby is born between 39 weeks, 0 days and 40 weeks, 6 days
47
Germinal stage:
the first 1 to 2 weeks of prenatal life after fertilization, in which the fertilized egg (zygote) migrates to the uterus and becomes implanted in the endometrium
48
Gestational diabetes:
a condition characterized by an elevated level of glucose in the blood during pregnancy, typically resolving after the birth
49
Glucose:
a simple sugar that is an important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many carbohydrates
50
Group B strep:
an infection caused by a common bacterium (group B streptococcus); usually harmless in adults but potentially dangerous in newborns, producing symptoms such as fever, trouble feeding, and lethargy
51
HCG hormone
a hormone found in women's blood and urine throughout pregnancy, and detectable in the blood shortly after implantation of the embryo in the uterus (roughly three weeks into a four-week menstrual cycle); increasing levels of HCG tell the body that it is pregnant, putting the womb to work creating a safe home for the baby to grow in
52
Infertility:
not being able to get pregnant (conceive) after one year (or longer) of unprotected sex
53
In vitro fertilization:
a medical procedure whereby an egg is fertilized by sperm in a test tube or elsewhere outside the body
54
Lanugo:
fine, soft hair, especially that which covers the body and limbs of a human fetus or newborn
55
Maternal-fetal care doctor:
doctor of obstetrics who has three additional years of training in helping women through high-risk pregnancies
56
Menstruation:
the process in a woman of discharging blood and other materials from the lining of the uterus at intervals of about a month
57
Miscarriage:
the spontaneous loss of a woman's pregnancy before the 20th week that can be both physically and emotionally painful
58
Morning sickness:
nausea and vomiting during pregnancy; potentially occurring at any time of day and common during the first trimester
59
Neural tube:
a hollow structure from which the brain and spinal cord form; defects in its development can result in congenital abnormalities such as spina bifida
60
Ovulation:
the process in which a mature egg is released from the ovary
61
Ovum:
a single cell released from the female reproductive organ (ovaries), which is capable of developing into a new organism when fertilized with a sperm cell
62
Placenta previa
a condition in which the placenta partially or wholly blocks the neck of the uterus, thus interfering with the normal delivery of a baby
63
Preeclampsia:
a condition in pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, sometimes with fluid retention and proteinuria
64
Prenatal development:
the process of growth and development within the womb from fertilization to delivery
65
Prenatal testing:
testing that includes blood tests, urine tests, and ultrasounds; used to help check on the well-being of the mother and growing baby
66
Preterm labor:
occurs when regular contractions result in the opening of the cervix after week 20 and before week 37 of pregnancy, potentially leading to premature birth; the earlier the occurrence of premature birth, the greater the health risks for the baby
67
Placenta:
the organ that develops/attaches in a woman’s uterus during pregnancy, provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby, and removes waste products from baby’s blood
68
Screening prenatal test:
testing that can identify whether a baby is more or less likely to have certain birth defects, many of which are genetic disorders
69
Stillborn
is when a fetus dies after the mother's 20th week of pregnancy; when the baby may have died in the uterus weeks or hours before labor
70
Trimester:
one of the three divisions of three months each during pregnancy, in which different phases of fetal development take place
71
Ultrasound:
a procedure that uses high-energy sound waves for viewing inside the body, by making echoes that form pictures of the tissues and organs on a computer screen (sonogram)
72
Umbilical Cord
a ropelike structure that connects a developing embryo or fetus to the placenta
73
Uterus
a hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman’s pelvis, where a fetus develops and grows
74
Vernix caseosa:
a white, creamy, naturally occurring biofilm covering the skin of a baby during the last trimester of pregnancy
75
Zygote:
a fertilized egg, created when sperm meets an egg in one of the fallopian tubes
76
Accutane:
a prescription medicine used to treat severe acne, and the most widely used environmental toxin
77
Achondroplasia
a bone-growth disorder that prevents the changing of cartilage (particularly in the long bones of the arms and legs) to bone; characterized by dwarfism, limited range of motion at the elbows, large head size (macrocephaly), small fingers, and normal intelligence
78
Albinism:
a birth defect that affects the production of melanin (the pigment that colors skin, hair and eyes); a lifelong condition that does not get worse over time
79
Cleft lip / Cleft palate:
a gap in upper lip or palate; caused by heredity or environment or both
80
Color blindness:
a birth defect where a person has a reduced ability to distinguish between colors when compared to the standard for normal human color vision; usually affects only males
81
Cystic fibrosis:
a hereditary disease resulting in the secretion of thick mucus that blocks internal passages, including those of the lungs, causing respiratory infections; also affects the pancreas, resulting in a deficiency of digestive enzymes and impaired nutrition
82
Dominant gene:
the stronger gene that expresses a trait that first appears or is visibility expressed in the organism as a dominant trait
83
Down syndrome / Trisomy 21:
a genetic disorder characterized by a broad skull, blunt facial features, short stature, and learning difficulties; caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21
84
Duchenne muscular dystrophy:
a genetic disorder that results in the progressive weakness and shrinking of the muscles; most commonly transmitted genetically by female carriers, but usually affects only males
85
Environmental influences
things and people in a person’s surroundings (e.g., mother’s health, family, friends, home, community, life experiences)
86
Fraternal twins:
dizygotic twins, which result from the fertilization of two separate eggs during the same pregnancy, so the twins share half of their genes, just like any other siblings, and may be of the same or different sexes
87
Gene
the basic physical and functional unit of heredity, with genes being made up of DNA
88
Genetic
relating to genes or heredity
89
Hemophilia
a medical condition typically caused by a hereditary lack of a coagulation factor, most often factor VIII, in which the ability of the blood to clot is severely reduced, causing the sufferer to bleed severely from even a slight injury
90
Hereditary influences:
all traits passed down from one generation to the next (e.g., eye, skin, and hair color)
91
Huntington’s disease:
a hereditary disease marked by degeneration of the brain cells and causing chorea and progressive dementia
92
Hydrocephalus
an increase of cerebrospinal fluid around the brain, resulting in an enlargement of the head in infants, because the bones of the skull are still unfused and the fluid can be drained into the abdominal cavity
93
Identical twins:
monozygotic twins, which result from the fertilization of a single egg that splits in two, so the twins share all their genes and are always of the same sex
94
Infectious disease
a disorder caused by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites
95
Inherited
derived genetically from one's parents or ancestors
96
Multiple births:
giving birth to more than one child at a time
97
Phenylketonuria (PKU):
a condition in which the body is unable to process and use a specific protein that is present in nearly all foods
98
Prenatal development
the process of growth and development within the womb, in which a single cell zygote becomes an embryo, a fetus, and then a baby
99
Psychoactive substances
drugs or other substance that affects how the brain works and cause changes in mood, awareness, thoughts, feelings, or behavior
100
Recessive gene
the trait that is present at the gene level but is masked and does not show itself in the organism (weaker gene)
101
Sexually transmitted disease (STD):
an infection transmitted through sexual contact, caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites
102
Sickle cell anemia:
malformed red blood cells that deprive the body of oxygen; caused by inheriting defective recessive genes from both parents; more commonly occurs in African Americans
103
Spina bifida
a congenital condition in which part of the spinal cord or meninges protrudes through a cleft in the spinal column, resulting in loss of voluntary movement in the lower body
104
Tay- sachs disease:
a rare, inherited disorder that destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord; typically found in people with certain ancestry, such as Eastern European Jews
105
Tourette syndrome:
a nervous system disorder involving repetitive movements or unwanted sounds
106
Toxoplasmosis
a parasite that can cause blindness, hearing loss, and learning disabilities, and death; found in cat litter and some raw meats
107
Trisomy 13:
a condition in which a person has an extra chromosome 13
108
Trisomy 18:
a condition that causes severe developmental delays due to an extra chromosome 18
109
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS):
a rare pregnancy condition affecting identical twins or other multiple births; occurs in pregnancies where twins share one placenta (afterbirth) and a network of blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients essential for development in the womb
110
Active labor:
when the cervix will dilate from 6 to 10 centimeters and contractions will become stronger, closer together, and regular
111
Alternative birth center:
offers an option for women having a low-risk pregnancy who want to give birth with minimal intervention in a cozy home-like setting
112
Amniotic sac:
the fluid-filled sac that contains and protects a fetus in the womb
113
Anesthesiologist:
a person who specializes in preoperative care, developing anesthetic plans, and the administration of anesthetics
114
Braxton-Hicks contractions
mild, irregular contractions during pregnancy
115
Breech birth:
when a baby is positioned feet or bottom first in the uterus
116
Certified nurse midwife:
someone who focuses on preconception, pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum, and newborn care
117
Cesarean section:
the surgical delivery of a baby through a cut (incision) made in the mother's abdomen and uterus
118
Dilate
to widen
119
Doulas
a trained companion who is not a healthcare professional and who supports another person through a significant health-related experience like childbirth
120
Epidural:
an injection in a woman’s back to stop her from feeling pain in part of her body; commonly given for pain relief in childbirth
121
Episiotomy
a surgical cut made at the opening of the vagina during childbirth to enlarge the opening for the baby to pass through
122
Home delivery:
giving birth at home
123
Lamaze method
a method that stresses special breathing patterns and other natural relaxation techniques for dealing with pain; focuses on labor and delivery as a natural event and encourages laboring women to move around, if they like, and follow their body's urges to push
124
Natural childbirth:
childbirth without routine medical interventions
125
Obstetrician
a doctor who specializes in pregnancy, childbirth, and a woman’s reproductive system
126
Premature labor:
when a woman’s body starts getting ready for birth more than three weeks before the due date
127
Standard hospital delivery:
giving birth at a hospital
128
Transition
the process or period of changing from one state or condition to another
129
Water birth:
when at least part of a woman’s labor, delivery, or both happen while in a birth pool filled with warm water
130
Breastfeeding:
the action of feeding a baby with milk from the breast
131
Maternity leave:
a period of absence from work granted to a mother before and after the birth of her child
132
Perineum
the area between the anus and the vagina
133
Postpartum
the time following childbirth; may refer to issues pertaining to the mother following childbirth
134
Postpartum blues
commonly include mood swings, crying spells, anxiety, and difficulty sleeping; typically begin within the first two to three days after delivery, and may list for up to two weeks
135
Postpartum depression
depression suffered by a mother following childbirth, typically arising from the combination of hormonal changes, psychological adjustment to motherhood, and fatigue; may be mistaken for baby blues at first, but the signs and symptoms are more intense and last longer, and may interfere with the ability to care for the baby and handle other daily tasks; symptoms usually develop within the first few weeks after giving birth, but may begin earlier—during pregnancy—or later—up to a year after birth
136
Postpartum psychosis:
rare sever mental illness characterized by extreme difficulty in responding emotionally to a newborn baby; typically develops within the first week after delivery; may lead to life-threatening thoughts or behaviors and requires immediate treatment
137
Support system:
a network of people who provide an individual with practical or emotional support
