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Child Development unit 2&1 > Child Development > Flashcards

Child Development Flashcards

1
Q

Adoptive family:

A

a family who has welcomed a child born to another into their family and legally adopted that child as their own.

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2
Q

Blended family:

A

a family consisting of a couple and their children from this and all previous relationships

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3
Q

Childless family

A

a couple who choose or cannot have children

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4
Q

Co-parenting:

A

when a divorced or separated parent shares equally with the other parent in the custody and care of a child

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5
Q

Culture:

A

the customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group

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6
Q

Esteem needs

A

people’s desires to have a stable and realistically positive evaluation of themselves

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7
Q

Extended family:

A

a family that extends beyond the nuclear family, including grandparents, aunts, uncles, and other relatives, who all live in one household

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8
Q

Family:

A

a group of people related to one another by blood, marriage, or strong bond

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9
Q

Foster family:

A

a family or adult who takes care of a child who is not his or her biological child

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10
Q

Love and acceptance needs:

A

include romantic relationships and ties to friends and family members, as well as our need to feel that we belong to a social group

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11
Q

Nuclear family:

A

a family that includes a couple and their dependent children: regarded as a basic social unit

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12
Q

Parenting:

A

involves rearing children and includes providing safety, supervision, and control; medical care; education; financially supporting needs; provide food, clothing, shelter; and protecting your child from harm; while shaping them to be a positive and productive asset to society

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13
Q

Physiological needs:

A

biological requirements for human survival

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14
Q

Prosocial behaviors

A

behaviors through which parties benefit from each other

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15
Q

Safety needs:

A

needs for freedom from illness or danger and for a secure, familiar, and predictable environment

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16
Q

Self-actualization needs:

A

the realization or fulfillment of one’s talents and potentialities while understanding the need for the greater good of those around you

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17
Q

Single parent:

A

a person bringing up a child or children without a partner

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18
Q

Society

A

a large group of interacting people in a defined territory, sharing a common culture

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19
Q

Support systems:

A

a network of people who provide basic needs, emotional support, and in some cases, financial support to a person

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20
Q

Universality

A

the quality of involving or being shared by all people or things in the world or in a particular group

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21
Q

Values

A

a person’s principles or standards of behavior; one’s judgment of what is important in life

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22
Q

Apprenticeship

A

an arrangement in which someone learns an art, trade, or job from the direction of another

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23
Q

Associate’s degree:

A

a degree granted after a two-year course of study, especially by a community or junior college

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24
Q

Bachelor’s degree:

A

a degree awarded by a college or university to a person who has completed undergraduate studies

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25
Q

Child development:

A

a sequence of physical, language, thought, and emotional changes that occur in a child from birth to the beginning of adulthood

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26
Q

Credentials:

A

qualifications from previous achievements, trailing, and general background that indicate a person is capable of doing a specific kind of work

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27
Q

Effective communication

A

:the ability to convey information to another person effectively and efficiently

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28
Q

Employability skills:

A

transferable skills that are useful in nearly every job

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29
Q

Entry level:

A

a job that requires minimal education, training, and experience

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30
Q

Graduate degree

A

an advanced academic degree in a specialized field of study, pursued after one has already obtained a bachelor’s degree

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31
Q

Internship:

A

the work done by a student or trainee in an organization, sometimes without pay, to gain work experience or satisfy requirements for a qualification

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32
Q

Adoption:

A

the action or fact of legally taking another’s child and bringing it up as one’s own, or the fact of being adopted

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33
Q

Amniocentesis:

A

the sampling of amniotic fluid using a hollow needle inserted into the uterus, to screen for developmental abnormalities in a fetus

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34
Q

Amniotic fluid

A

the fluid surrounding a fetus within the amnion

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35
Q

Artificial insemination:

A

the medical procedure of injecting semen into the vagina or uterus

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36
Q

Blastocyst:

A

a fertilized egg after 5 days, a rapidly dividing ball of cells

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37
Q

Cervix:

A

the lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina

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38
Q

Conception:

A

the joining of a sperm and egg, also known as fertilization

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39
Q

Diagnostic prenatal test:

A

testing the fetus before birth (prenatally) to determine whether the fetus has certain abnormalities, including certain hereditary or spontaneous genetic disorders

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40
Q

Embryo:

A

an unborn human in the very early stages of development, weeks 3–8, when cells continue to divide and begin to take on different functions

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41
Q

Embryonic stage:

A

the stage starting when the blastocyst implants into the uterus through the eighth week following fertilization

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42
Q

Fallopian tubes:

A

a pair of tubes through which female eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus

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43
Q

Fetus:

A

a developing human from usually two months after conception to birth

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44
Q

Folate:

A

a B vitamin (found in dark leafy greens, oranges, nuts, beans, and peas) that the body needs to make DNA and other genetic material, and to help cells divide

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45
Q

Folic acid

A

a synthetic form of folate that is added to fortify foods

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46
Q

Full-term pregnancy:

A

when a baby is born between 39 weeks, 0 days and 40 weeks, 6 days

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47
Q

Germinal stage:

A

the first 1 to 2 weeks of prenatal life after fertilization, in which the fertilized egg (zygote) migrates to the uterus and becomes implanted in the endometrium

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48
Q

Gestational diabetes:

A

a condition characterized by an elevated level of glucose in the blood during pregnancy, typically resolving after the birth

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49
Q

Glucose:

A

a simple sugar that is an important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many carbohydrates

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50
Q

Group B strep:

A

an infection caused by a common bacterium (group B streptococcus); usually harmless in adults but potentially dangerous in newborns, producing symptoms such as fever, trouble feeding, and lethargy

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51
Q

HCG hormone

A

a hormone found in women’s blood and urine throughout pregnancy, and detectable in the blood shortly after implantation of the embryo in the uterus (roughly three weeks into a four-week menstrual cycle); increasing levels of HCG tell the body that it is pregnant, putting the womb to work creating a safe home for the baby to grow in

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52
Q

Infertility:

A

not being able to get pregnant (conceive) after one year (or longer) of unprotected sex

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53
Q

In vitro fertilization:

A

a medical procedure whereby an egg is fertilized by sperm in a test tube or elsewhere outside the body

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54
Q

Lanugo:

A

fine, soft hair, especially that which covers the body and limbs of a human fetus or newborn

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55
Q

Maternal-fetal care doctor:

A

doctor of obstetrics who has three additional years of training in helping women through high-risk pregnancies

56
Q

Menstruation:

A

the process in a woman of discharging blood and other materials from the lining of the uterus at intervals of about a month

57
Q

Miscarriage:

A

the spontaneous loss of a woman’s pregnancy before the 20th week that can be both physically and emotionally painful

58
Q

Morning sickness:

A

nausea and vomiting during pregnancy; potentially occurring at any time of day and common during the first trimester

59
Q

Neural tube:

A

a hollow structure from which the brain and spinal cord form; defects in its development can result in congenital abnormalities such as spina bifida

60
Q

Ovulation:

A

the process in which a mature egg is released from the ovary

61
Q

Ovum:

A

a single cell released from the female reproductive organ (ovaries), which is capable of developing into a new organism when fertilized with a sperm cell

62
Q

Placenta previa

A

a condition in which the placenta partially or wholly blocks the neck of the uterus, thus interfering with the normal delivery of a baby

63
Q

Preeclampsia:

A

a condition in pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, sometimes with fluid retention and proteinuria

64
Q

Prenatal development:

A

the process of growth and development within the womb from fertilization to delivery

65
Q

Prenatal testing:

A

testing that includes blood tests, urine tests, and ultrasounds; used to help check on the well-being of the mother and growing baby

66
Q

Preterm labor:

A

occurs when regular contractions result in the opening of the cervix after week 20 and before week 37 of pregnancy, potentially leading to premature birth; the earlier the occurrence of premature birth, the greater the health risks for the baby

67
Q

Placenta:

A

the organ that develops/attaches in a woman’s uterus during pregnancy, provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby, and removes waste products from baby’s blood

68
Q

Screening prenatal test:

A

testing that can identify whether a baby is more or less likely to have certain birth defects, many of which are genetic disorders

69
Q

Stillborn

A

is when a fetus dies after the mother’s 20th week of pregnancy; when the baby may have died in the uterus weeks or hours before labor

70
Q

Trimester:

A

one of the three divisions of three months each during pregnancy, in which different phases of fetal development take place

71
Q

Ultrasound:

A

a procedure that uses high-energy sound waves for viewing inside the body, by making echoes that form pictures of the tissues and organs on a computer screen (sonogram)

72
Q

Umbilical Cord

A

a ropelike structure that connects a developing embryo or fetus to the placenta

73
Q

Uterus

A

a hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman’s pelvis, where a fetus develops and grows

74
Q

Vernix caseosa:

A

a white, creamy, naturally occurring biofilm covering the skin of a baby during the last trimester of pregnancy

75
Q

Zygote:

A

a fertilized egg, created when sperm meets an egg in one of the fallopian tubes

76
Q

Accutane:

A

a prescription medicine used to treat severe acne, and the most widely used environmental toxin

77
Q

Achondroplasia

A

a bone-growth disorder that prevents the changing of cartilage (particularly in the long bones of the arms and legs) to bone; characterized by dwarfism, limited range of motion at the elbows, large head size (macrocephaly), small fingers, and normal intelligence

78
Q

Albinism:

A

a birth defect that affects the production of melanin (the pigment that colors skin, hair and eyes); a lifelong condition that does not get worse over time

79
Q

Cleft lip / Cleft palate:

A

a gap in upper lip or palate; caused by heredity or environment or both

80
Q

Color blindness:

A

a birth defect where a person has a reduced ability to distinguish between colors when compared to the standard for normal human color vision; usually affects only males

81
Q

Cystic fibrosis:

A

a hereditary disease resulting in the secretion of thick mucus that blocks internal passages, including those of the lungs, causing respiratory infections; also affects the pancreas, resulting in a deficiency of digestive enzymes and impaired nutrition

82
Q

Dominant gene:

A

the stronger gene that expresses a trait that first appears or is visibility expressed in the organism as a dominant trait

83
Q

Down syndrome / Trisomy 21:

A

a genetic disorder characterized by a broad skull, blunt facial features, short stature, and learning difficulties; caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21

84
Q

Duchenne muscular dystrophy:

A

a genetic disorder that results in the progressive weakness and shrinking of the muscles; most commonly transmitted genetically by female carriers, but usually affects only males

85
Q

Environmental influences

A

things and people in a person’s surroundings (e.g., mother’s health, family, friends, home, community, life experiences)

86
Q

Fraternal twins:

A

dizygotic twins, which result from the fertilization of two separate eggs during the same pregnancy, so the twins share half of their genes, just like any other siblings, and may be of the same or different sexes

87
Q

Gene

A

the basic physical and functional unit of heredity, with genes being made up of DNA

88
Q

Genetic

A

relating to genes or heredity

89
Q

Hemophilia

A

a medical condition typically caused by a hereditary lack of a coagulation factor, most often factor VIII, in which the ability of the blood to clot is severely reduced, causing the sufferer to bleed severely from even a slight injury

90
Q

Hereditary influences:

A

all traits passed down from one generation to the next (e.g., eye, skin, and hair color)

91
Q

Huntington’s disease:

A

a hereditary disease marked by degeneration of the brain cells and causing chorea and progressive dementia

92
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

an increase of cerebrospinal fluid around the brain, resulting in an enlargement of the head in infants, because the bones of the skull are still unfused and the fluid can be drained into the abdominal cavity

93
Q

Identical twins:

A

monozygotic twins, which result from the fertilization of a single egg that splits in two, so the twins share all their genes and are always of the same sex

94
Q

Infectious disease

A

a disorder caused by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites

95
Q

Inherited

A

derived genetically from one’s parents or ancestors

96
Q

Multiple births:

A

giving birth to more than one child at a time

97
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU):

A

a condition in which the body is unable to process and use a specific protein that is present in nearly all foods

98
Q

Prenatal development

A

the process of growth and development within the womb, in which a single cell zygote becomes an embryo, a fetus, and then a baby

99
Q

Psychoactive substances

A

drugs or other substance that affects how the brain works and cause changes in mood, awareness, thoughts, feelings, or behavior

100
Q

Recessive gene

A

the trait that is present at the gene level but is masked and does not show itself in the organism (weaker gene)

101
Q

Sexually transmitted disease (STD):

A

an infection transmitted through sexual contact, caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites

102
Q

Sickle cell anemia:

A

malformed red blood cells that deprive the body of oxygen; caused by inheriting defective recessive genes from both parents; more commonly occurs in African Americans

103
Q

Spina bifida

A

a congenital condition in which part of the spinal cord or meninges protrudes through a cleft in the spinal column, resulting in loss of voluntary movement in the lower body

104
Q

Tay- sachs disease:

A

a rare, inherited disorder that destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord; typically found in people with certain ancestry, such as Eastern European Jews

105
Q

Tourette syndrome:

A

a nervous system disorder involving repetitive movements or unwanted sounds

106
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

a parasite that can cause blindness, hearing loss, and learning disabilities, and death; found in cat litter and some raw meats

107
Q

Trisomy 13:

A

a condition in which a person has an extra chromosome 13

108
Q

Trisomy 18:

A

a condition that causes severe developmental delays due to an extra chromosome 18

109
Q

Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS):

A

a rare pregnancy condition affecting identical twins or other multiple births; occurs in pregnancies where twins share one placenta (afterbirth) and a network of blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients essential for development in the womb

110
Q

Active labor:

A

when the cervix will dilate from 6 to 10 centimeters and contractions will become stronger, closer together, and regular

111
Q

Alternative birth center:

A

offers an option for women having a low-risk pregnancy who want to give birth with minimal intervention in a cozy home-like setting

112
Q

Amniotic sac:

A

the fluid-filled sac that contains and protects a fetus in the womb

113
Q

Anesthesiologist:

A

a person who specializes in preoperative care, developing anesthetic plans, and the administration of anesthetics

114
Q

Braxton-Hicks contractions

A

mild, irregular contractions during pregnancy

115
Q

Breech birth:

A

when a baby is positioned feet or bottom first in the uterus

116
Q

Certified nurse midwife:

A

someone who focuses on preconception, pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum, and newborn care

117
Q

Cesarean section:

A

the surgical delivery of a baby through a cut (incision) made in the mother’s abdomen and uterus

118
Q

Dilate

A

to widen

119
Q

Doulas

A

a trained companion who is not a healthcare professional and who supports another person through a significant health-related experience like childbirth

120
Q

Epidural:

A

an injection in a woman’s back to stop her from feeling pain in part of her body; commonly given for pain relief in childbirth

121
Q

Episiotomy

A

a surgical cut made at the opening of the vagina during childbirth to enlarge the opening for the baby to pass through

122
Q

Home delivery:

A

giving birth at home

123
Q

Lamaze method

A

a method that stresses special breathing patterns and other natural relaxation techniques for dealing with pain; focuses on labor and delivery as a natural event and encourages laboring women to move around, if they like, and follow their body’s urges to push

124
Q

Natural childbirth:

A

childbirth without routine medical interventions

125
Q

Obstetrician

A

a doctor who specializes in pregnancy, childbirth, and a woman’s reproductive system

126
Q

Premature labor:

A

when a woman’s body starts getting ready for birth more than three weeks before the due date

127
Q

Standard hospital delivery:

A

giving birth at a hospital

128
Q

Transition

A

the process or period of changing from one state or condition to another

129
Q

Water birth:

A

when at least part of a woman’s labor, delivery, or both happen while in a birth pool filled with warm water

130
Q

Breastfeeding:

A

the action of feeding a baby with milk from the breast

131
Q

Maternity leave:

A

a period of absence from work granted to a mother before and after the birth of her child

132
Q

Perineum

A

the area between the anus and the vagina

133
Q

Postpartum

A

the time following childbirth; may refer to issues pertaining to the mother following childbirth

134
Q

Postpartum blues

A

commonly include mood swings, crying spells, anxiety, and difficulty sleeping; typically begin within the first two to three days after delivery, and may list for up to two weeks

135
Q

Postpartum depression

A

depression suffered by a mother following childbirth, typically arising from the combination of hormonal changes, psychological adjustment to motherhood, and fatigue; may be mistaken for baby blues at first, but the signs and symptoms are more intense and last longer, and may interfere with the ability to care for the baby and handle other daily tasks; symptoms usually develop within the first few weeks after giving birth, but may begin earlier—during pregnancy—or later—up to a year after birth

136
Q

Postpartum psychosis:

A

rare sever mental illness characterized by extreme difficulty in responding emotionally to a newborn baby; typically develops within the first week after delivery; may lead to life-threatening thoughts or behaviors and requires immediate treatment

137
Q

Support system:

A

a network of people who provide an individual with practical or emotional support

Child Development unit 2&1 (1 decks)

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