Child & Adolescent Development Theories Flashcards
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Graph that shows that individuals must satisfy a basic series of needs before they can reach their full potential. (Pyramid with 8 levels of needs)
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs level 1
Physiological needs
Biological requirements for survival, such as water, food, shelter, & clothing
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Level 2
Safety
Protection from the elements, financial & physical security, law & order, & freedom from fear
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Level 3
Love & Belonging
Interpersonal relationships like friendships, intimacy, trust, romance & love, & being part of a group
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Level 4
Esteem
Self-respect, respect for others, achievements, Independence, status, & prestige
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Level 5
Cognitive
Curiosity, knowledge, & Intellectual exploration
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Level 6
Aesthetic
Focus on the search for & expression of beauty & balance, which can be found in nature or artistic pursuits such as painting, architecture, & music
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Level 7
Self-Actualization
Personal growth, fulfillment, the realization of ones personal potential as a human bring or-as Maslow put it- a desire “to become everything 1 is capable of becoming”
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Level 8
Transcendences
Meeting spiritual needs or helping others achieve self-actualization
True or False? Psychological needs are the 1st needs that must be met in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
True! Psychological needs are at the bottom of the pyramid & are thus the 1st needs that must be met
Lucas is a 4th grade student who has read almost every book in the classroom library. He ask its teacher if she will bring him some more “bigger kid” books to read because he is bored with the material in the classroom. Which need is Lucas trying to satisfy?
Cognitive! Lucas seems curious about more advanced books & seems motivated to test his reading skills
True or False? Anika has served on student council for the past two years. Now that she is a senior, she believes that she is more than qualified to serve as student council president, so she decides to run for office.
Anika is attempting to meet a safety need.
False! By applying for a more prestigious position, Anika is most likely attempting to meet an esteem need or perhaps a belonging need.
Match deficiency need with the correct example of how educators can help students meet that need.
The school calls an assembly each quarter to distribute academic achievement awards to students who have maintained a B average or higher for the quarter.
Esteem! When students’ achievements are recognized, their self-esteem improves.
Match deficiency need with the correct example of how educators can help students meet that need.
A teacher provides students with multiple opportunities for cooperative group activities.
Love & Belonging! Social needs can be met when students work together to solve problems or create projects.
Match deficiency need with the correct example of how educators can help students meet that need.
A school institutes a rigorous anti-bullying program.
Safety! An anti-bullying program can help students feel safer and more secure in the classroom and on the playground.
Match deficiency need with the correct example of how educators can help students meet that need.
The school cafeteria opens early to provide free and reduced price breakfasts to eligible students.
Physiological! Physiological needs include basic necessities such as adequate sleep, warm clothing, and nutritious food.
what are Arnold Gesell’s 4 stages of Physical Development
Infancy (Birth-2 years), Early Childhood (2-6 years), Middle Childhood (6-10 years), Adolescence (10-18 years)
In Gesell’s stages of Physical Development what happens in the Infancy stage (Birth-2 years)
1st year: hold head up, roll over, sit, crawl, walk
2nd year: walk w/ better coordination, manipulate small toys w/ their hands
By age 2: feed themselves w/ hands, make small tower of toys, throw a ball, move zipper up & down
In Gesell’s stages of Physical Development what happens in the Early Childhood Stage (2-6 years)
Toddlers: love to run, jump, & tumble, fine motor skills development allows them to sting together beads, Put together jigsaw puzzle, scribble then print or draw rudimentary figures
By age 4: Many can print name, begin to dress & undress themselves, eat w/ utensils
In Gesell’s stages of Physical Development what happens in the Adolescence Stage (10-18 years)
Early Adolescence: Weight & height begin to increase rapidly, Puberty begins girls earlier than boys but both experience increase in hormones may impact behavior, may begin to think of themselves as adults & reject adult authority
Late Adolescents: boys grow taller & more muscular than most girls
Older Adolescents: reach sexual maturity, girls physical growth slows, boys may cont. to grow into early adulthood
In Gesell’s stages of Physical Development what happens in the Middle Childhood Stage (6-10 years)
Cont. to gain weight & height (slowly but steadily), permeant teeth begin to come in, begin participating in organized sports, coordination skills advance, Improvement in handwriting & drawings
True or False? Arnold Gesell theorized that children develop according to distinct developmental stages.
True! Arnold Gesell’s maturational–developmental theory of child development postulated that children develop according to distinct developmental stages.
Which two activities should an 18-month-old be able to perform?
Using fingers to eat crackers, Stacking blocks! Between 12 and 18 months of age, children typically learn how to feed themselves with their fingers and build a tower of cubes or blocks.
True or False? In middle school classrooms, teachers can use the same activities for all children.
False! Not all students physically develop at the same rate. Individualized strategies and support are often necessary to help older children and adolescents build skills and address challenges.
True or False? Ren is three years old. His preschool teacher is worried about him because he cannot print his name yet. The teacher’s concern is justified.
False! Children do not typically develop the ability to print their names until about age four or five.
In a kindergarten classroom, the teacher makes sure to provide the students with snack time midway through the school day. Which need would this action fulfill according to Maslow?
Physiological! Physiological needs are biological requirements for survival, such as food, water, shelter, and clothing.
Match the child with the physical development typical for a child of that age.
Recently developed the ability to roll a ball back and forth with an adult
18 month old in daycare! 18-month-old infants can manipulate toys with their hands and should have no problems rolling a ball to an adult.
Match the child with the physical development typical for a child of that age.
Recently developed the ability to draw a stick figure family representing himself, his parents, and his sister
5 year old kindergartner! 5-year-old would be unlikely to draw representationally but should have the fine motor skills to draw a stick figure family.
Match the child with the physical development typical for a child of that age.
Recently developed the ability to shoot baskets consistently on the school playground
9 year old 4th grader! Greater coordination of gross motor skills allows many 9-year-olds to participate in organized sports.
Match the child with the physical development typical for a child of that age.
Recently began growing facial hair along the upper lip
13 year old 8th grader! Secondary sexual characteristics begin to emerge in early adolescence.
In a 10th-grade science class, the students participated in a round-robin discussion that focused on whether astronauts will successfully land on Mars. During the discussion, the teacher made sure that each student had a chance to participate in the conversation and share their opinion with the group. Which need would this action fulfill according to Maslow?
Love and belonging! Love and belonging needs involve interpersonal relationships—friendships, intimacy, trust, romance, and love, and being part of a group.
Which physical activity suggests children are at the early childhood stage of physical development?
Children are running and hopping like bunnies at an outdoor egg hunt! Toddlers love to run, hop, tumble, climb, and swing.
Which developmental group tends to grow an average of 4 inches per year?
Adolescence! Weight and height begin to increase rapidly in early adolescence.
During a teacher meeting, a teacher was discussing the gains students had made this year in their handwriting. Which stage of physical development are the students in?
Middle childhood! Continued refinement of fine motor skills results in improved handwriting, and their drawings become increasingly representational.
In a class, a teacher makes sure to provide students with a diverse set of play stations. These stations include puzzles, blocks, hula-hoops, and crafts, which all help build students’ fine motor skills. Which stage of physical development are the students at?
Early childhood! Early fine motor skill development allows children to string beads and put together jigsaw puzzles.
Which stage of physical development involves boys being typically taller and more muscular than girls of the same age?
Late adolescence! By late adolescence, boys have grown taller and more muscular than most girls of the same age.
Fifth-grade language arts students created posters for a book they had read in class. After the posters were finished, the teacher hung the posters on the wall for all the class to see. Which need would hanging the posters on the wall fulfill?
Esteem! Esteem needs include self-respect, pride, respect from others, achievement, independence, status, and prestige.
Which stage of physical development is a fourth-grade student who loves to play soccer?
Middle childhood! Children in middle childhood often begin to participate in organized sports as their speed and coordination skills advance.
A student was happy to see a big letter “A” on the latest math test but admits to being a little bored with this easy math stuff. Which need would Maslow say the student is likely deficient in?
Cognitive! Cognitive needs involve curiosity, knowledge, and intellectual exploration.
Which object would help a child work on their fine motor skills?
Scissors! Fine motor skills involve the use of small muscles such as those in the hands and fingers.
Which stage of physical development would a child be at if they are learning to sew and are becoming quite good?
Middle childhood! During middle childhood, many children use their fine motor skills to sew, build models, or do other crafts.
A teacher makes sure to say something positive to each student after they give their speech in class. Which need is the teacher trying to meet?
Esteem! Esteem needs include self-respect, pride, respect from others, achievement, independence, status, and prestige.
Which stage of physical development is a child in who has just learned to print their name?
Early childhood! By age four, many children can print their names. Early childhood covers ages two to six.
Piaget Theory Stage 1
0-2 years old Sensorimotor stage.
Reflexive or active, Sucking, Grabbing, Looking, Listening, Crawling, Object permanence (unseen things still exist)
Piaget theory stage 2
2- 7 years old Preoperational
Play and pretend, Symbolic thinking (Pictures, numbers,
letters), Language develops, Forms many new schemes, Egocentrism (focus on self, self-centered), Centration (focus on only one aspect )at a time
Piaget theory stage 3
7-11 years old Concrete operational,
Need concrete, hands-on, experience, Mental reversal (balloons inflate – deflate), Seriation, Sorting, Classifying, Conservation (Tall skinny glass and short fat glass hold same amount of liquid)
Piaget Theory stage 4
12+ Formal observation
Abstract thinking, Critical thinking, Hypothesize, Predict, Metaphors, Mental manipulations, Systematic problem-solving
A teacher pours juice for Alice in a tall, narrow glass and for William in a short, squat glass. Although both glasses contain the same amount of juice, Will exclaims, “Hey! No fair! I have less than Alice!” Which of Piaget’s developmental stages is William in?
Preoperational! William is old enough to talk but not old enough to have grasped conservation.
True or False? Diego knows that a horse is a large animal with four legs, a tail, and body hair. The first time he sees a cow, he calls it a horse. The word “horse” fits with Diego’s schema for the characteristics of a cow.
True! A schema is a group of similar thoughts that children use to respond to their environment.
Schemes, Schema
Organized patterns of knowledge, skills, experiences (file folders)
A group of thoughts children use to categorize things. ( knowing a horse is big and has four legs, so when they saw a cow called it a horse)
Adaptation
Process of making sense of new information (assimilation, accommodation, equilibrium)
Assimilation
Similar information to existing scheme (same file folder)
Accommodation
Modify, adjust, change, create new scheme (new file folder)
Equilibrium
Everything makes sense
A teacher pours juice for Alice in a tall, narrow glass and for William in a short, squat glass. Although both glasses contain the same amount of juice, Will exclaims, “Hey! No fair! I have less than Alice!” Which of Piaget’s developmental stages is William in?
Preoperational! William is old enough to talk but not old enough to have grasped conservation.
True or False? Diego knows that a horse is a large animal with four legs, a tail, and body hair. The first time he sees a cow, he calls it a horse. The word “horse” fits with Diego’s schema for the characteristics of a cow.
True! A schema is a group of similar thoughts that children use to respond to their environment.
Vygotsky
Socioculture development. SOCIAl interaction between children and those around them and their cognition. Varies across cultures
Elementary Mental Functions
having a tutor
Attention, sensory, perception, memory
Higher mental function
Becoming indpendent
More knowledgable other
Vygotsky said children needed someone in order to show them
Zone of proximal development
phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction (When the child is actually learning)
Vygotsky on language
Private speech or internal speech aids in development. Language is an accelerator for thinking and understanding. Watching and learning language form others.
Scaffolding
ask leading questions. Provide hints, cues, examples
Private speech
talk to myself- whisper or out loud
Silent inner speech
Think inside my head
Social Speech
Talk to Others
Which statement accurately summarizes Vygotsky’s thinking on cognitive development?
Much learning occurs via social interaction! The concept of the zone of proximal development illustrates this point.
True or False? As Mei sits at a table alone drawing a picture of a house, she says aloud, “First I will draw a square. Now I will add the roof. I will put a chimney on top. Then I will put in some windows.” Mei is engaging in social speech.
False! Social speech is speech directed toward others. Here Mei is using private speech as she tells herself how to draw a house.
What is the zone of proximal development?
The level of development just above where a learner is currently functioning! This is the zone of proximal development.
What type of learning theory does Piaget use?
Cognitive Constructivist
what type of learning theory does Vygotsky use
Social Constructivist
True or False? Vygotsky emphasizes the role of culture on development far more than Piaget does.
True! As posited by Piaget, if cognitive development varies across cultures, then it cannot occur as a universal series of stages.
established by the correct theorist
A teacher shows a 5 year old student how to draw a tree, demonstrating the task for the student & giving the student examples
Vygotsky! Vygotsky stressed the importance of social interaction and learning.
True or False? A classroom that emphasizes a student’s social interaction with a more skilled partner is based on the ideas proposed by Piaget.
False! Piaget focused on children’s independent growth and development, including their observations.
established by the correct theorist.
an 8 year old student uses plastic coins while learning how to add & subtract with money
Piaget! A child in the concrete operational stage needs to have concrete tools to complete the task.
A child explores the environment through touching, smelling, tasting, moving, climbing, and crawling around. Which stage of development is the child experiencing?
Sensorimotor! In the sensorimotor stage children use their five senses (taste, smell, touch, sight, hearing) and motor skills (both gross and fine motor skills) to develop cognitively.
A student is taking a state reading test. While reading each question, the student whispers each word under their breath. Which type of speech is the student using according to Vygotsky?
Private speech! Private speech is when we talk out loud to ourselves. This is when you have a private conversation with yourself.
A middle school science class is working on science fair projects. One student has elected to do a project on how many types of germs may be found on surfaces in the school cafeteria. The student has already created a hypothesis about the types of germs likely to be found. Which stage of Piaget’s cognitive development does this represent?
Formal operational! The formal operational stage is made up of students in middle school, high school, and beyond. Students in this stage can form hypotheses, think abstractly, and think hypothetically.
A high school social science teacher notices that students are not able to identify the impact that World War II had on the United States economy, although they do seem to have a good understanding of the basic facts, dates, and events of the war. Which strategy might the teacher use to help students look deeper into the topic, based on Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development?
Ask leading questions to foster discussion! We ask students leading questions and provide hints, clues, and examples when we scaffold students. Scaffolding is a part of Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development. Teachers attempt to lead students to the answer rather than just give them the answer.
A child who loves apple pie believes that all pies must be delicious. Which of Piaget’s concepts is being demonstrated?
Assimilation! The s in assimilation stands for similar. The new information is similar to something previously learned and can be put in the same schema. The child has made a similar connection that all pies are delicious.
A fifth-grade class is learning how to read maps and use a compass rose. The class is also trying to find the 13 colonies on a map. Which stage of Piaget’s cognitive development theory are they developing?
Concrete operational! Students in the concrete operational stage are in grade school. Also, the question is asking students to develop cognition through facts. In the concrete operational stage, students can think logically and factually.
A teacher who is remotely teaching two students has one student fill a measuring cup full of chocolate milk and pour it into a tall glass. Then the other student fills the same measuring cup with chocolate milk and pours it into a short glass. The teacher asks the students which glass they want. Both say they want the tall glass because there is more chocolate milk in it. Which stage of Piaget’s cognitive development are the students in?
Preoperational! Both glasses contain the same amount of chocolate milk, but both students want the taller glass. In the preoperational stage, students develop cognition through symbolic (words) thought and by being egocentric. They relate all information through themselves. They also can only focus on one aspect at a time and are unable to do reversals in their head. They are focusing on height and unable to see the chocolate milk in their head be moved back to the measuring cup.
Which strategy would exemplify scaffolding, based on Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development?
Offering students hints or asking leading questions to help! Scaffolding is when we support students. We ask students leading questions and provide hints, clues, and examples. Teachers attempt to lead students to the answer rather than just give them the answer.
Students in a third-grade class love to learn new facts. They enjoy sorting rocks from the playground by color and size. They also understand that other people have different thoughts and experiences, but it will be a few years before they can really understand analogies and metaphors. Which stage are these students in, according to Piaget’s cognitive development theory?
Concrete operational! The concrete operational stage is made up of grade school students. At this stage, the students can think logically and factually. They can sort and classify.
Two children are pretending to be the superheroes Captain America and Superman. While saving the world, they knock over another child’s block tower. They do not understand why the other child is upset. To them, it was necessary to do so because it was in the way. Which stage of cognitive development are these two children in according to Piaget’s theory?
Preoperational! In the preoperational stage, students learn through symbolic (words) thought and by being egocentric. They relate all information through themselves. They see the blocks being in their way and cannot understand the other child’s perspective.
A child is familiar with dogs and has seen many when out walking with her father. When the child sees a horse for the first time, she calls it a dog. Her father teaches her that not all four-legged creatures are called dogs. He explains that this big animal with long legs and a long face is called a horse. The next time the child sees a horse, she calls it a horse. Which process of differentiating is this called according to Piaget?
Accommodation! The c in accommodation stands for changing or creating schema. Information is accommodated when we have learned something incorrectly and must change our schema or when we have no information about something and must create a new schema. The child changes her schema about four-legged animals.
A kindergarten teacher is doing a unit on working in a pizza parlor. The students color and decorate their own menu. In a section of the classroom, they have a kitchen, and the students enjoy pretending to run the pizza parlor. They even enjoyed it when a guest speaker came in and talked about his wood-fired pizza oven. Which stage of Piaget’s cognitive development are the students in?
Preoperational! The preoperational stage is made up of preschool and kindergarten students. The students in the question are in kindergarten. Students in the preoperational stage also enjoy pretend play.
Which teaching strategy would be helpful for a third-grade class that is starting a new unit on science concepts, according to Piaget?
Review prior learning to help students connect new concepts to existing schemes! Schemes or schemas are part of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. It is how Piaget says people organize information.
Which teaching methodology is consistent with Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development?
Having struggling math students work with students who have mastered the concept! Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development suggests students develop their cognition from a more knowledgeable other. Having struggling students work with students who have mastered the concept is an example of students working with a more knowledgeable peer.
Which statement describes Piaget’s concept of a scheme?
An organized pattern of behavior or thought! Piaget’s concept of a scheme or schema is about how we organize information or learning.
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
people are motivated by the need to achieve competence in certain areas of their lives
Erikson’s 1st Stage
Birth-12 months
Crisis-Trust vs. Mistrust
Virtue (+) Hope Outcome (-) Fear, Suspicion
Provide love, care, food, & Need Comfort & Safety
Erikson’s 2nd Stage
1-3 years
Crisis- Autonomy vs. Shame
Virtue (+) Will Outcome (-) shame
Me do stage, need for independence, insist on doing things on their own
Erikson’s 3rd Stage
3-6 years
Initiative vs. Guilt
Virtue (+) Purpose Outcome (-) Inadequacy
Exploration, Trying new things on own, Asking lots of questions
Erikson’s 4th Stage
6-12 years
Industry vs. Inferiority
Virtue (+) Competence Outcome (-) Inferiority
Intellectual curiosity, School performance, Need positive
reinforcement, Praise, Avoid undue competition or criticism
Erikson’s 5th Stage
12-19 years
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Virtue (+) Fidelity Outcome (-) Rebellion
Develop sense of self, Influenced by other’s reactions, Peers more important than parents or teachers, Social role models important, Figuring out what they want to do with life and after high school
Erikson’s 6th Stage
19-25+ years
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Virtue (+) Love Outcome (-) Isolation
Best friends and soulmates, Developing intimate relationships, life partners
Erikson’s 7th Stage
25-50+ years
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Virtue (+) Care Outcome (-) Unproductive
Caring for and contributing to society, Being productive and creative, Care for others
Erikson’s 8th Stage
50+ years
Integrity vs. Despair
Virtue (+) Wisdom Outcome (-) Dissatisfaction
Reflection of life and if lived to fullest
