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Poultry > Chickens > Flashcards

Chickens Flashcards

1
Q

what is the normal temp of a chicken?

A

40-42 degree

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2
Q

what is the normal HR of a chicken?

A

120-160bpm

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3
Q

what is the normal RR of a chicken?

A

20-30brpm

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4
Q

what are the best sites for blood sampling chickens?

A

jugular or wing v.

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5
Q

why must blood counts be done manually for birds?

A

do not have neutrophils - have heterophiles instead

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6
Q

chickens do not have sweat or sebaceous glands BUT they do have some other glands - what are they?

A

preen gland at the base of the tail
gland in external auditory canal
ventral glands of the cloaca

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7
Q

what is the brood patch?

A

an area of feathers on the ventrum that cyclically moult and re-grow that is controlled hormonally

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8
Q

what is the brood patch rich in?

A

thermoreceptors

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9
Q

which feathers are clipped in wing clipping?

A

the first 10 feathers of one wing only

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10
Q

what is the structure of a chicken GIT?

A

beak - mouth - crop - proventriculus - gizzard - intestines - caeca - cloaca

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11
Q

what is the cloaca?

A

the common opening for the GIT and repro tracts

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12
Q

what is the relationship between the proventriculus and the gizzard?

A

food is passed back and forth between the structures with the proventriculus acting as the true stomach and the gizzard as the teeth

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13
Q

what must poultry have in their diet to allow the gizzard to function correctly?

A

insoluble grit

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14
Q

what are the main Sx of resp disease in chickens?

A 
nasal discharge
coughing / sneezing
head shaking
gasping
noisy breathing
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15
Q

what are the 11 Ddx for resp disease in chickens?

A
  1. Infectious bronchitis
  2. Ornithobacterium rhinotracheite
  3. Infectious laryngotracheitis
  4. Aspergillus fumigateurs
  5. Chlamydiosis
  6. Avian Influenza
  7. Pigeon Paramyxovirus
  8. Newcastle disease
  9. Avian metapneumovirus
  10. Mycoplasmosis
  11. Gape worm
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16
Q

what causes infectious bronchitis in chickens?

A

type 3 coronavirus

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17
Q

what areas of the body does infectious bronchitis affect?

A

female repro tract, urinary tract and resp tract

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18
Q

what are the main Sx of infectious bronchitis?

A

resp disease
egg drop
poor egg quality
egg peritonitis

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19
Q

how is infectious bronchitis Px?

A

live vaccine for boilers and breeders

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20
Q

what are the main Sx of ornithobacterium rhinotracheite infection?

A

coughing
egg drop
sneezing
bronchopneumonia

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21
Q

how is ornithobacterium rhinotracheite Px?

A

autologous vaccination

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22
Q

what causes infectious laryngotracheitis?

A

gallid herpes virus 1

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23
Q

what are the main Sx of infectious laryngotracheitis?

A

difficulty breathing

gasping

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24
Q

how can infectious laryngotracheitits be Px? what is the problem with this method of Px?

A

vaccination

vaccination is live and some birds may become latently infected and shed the virus at times of stress

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25
Q

what causes avian influenza?

A

orthomyxovirus

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26
Q

which type of avian influenza is classed as high pathogenicity?

A

type A, H5 and H7

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27
Q

which strain of avian influenza is of public health concern? why?

A

H7N9

low pathogenicity in chickens BUT high mortality in humans

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28
Q

what are the main Sx of avian influenza?

A

egg drop, resp distress, D+, sudden death

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29
Q

what causes Newcastle disease?

A

paramyxovirus

30
Q

what are the 4 types of Newcastle disease and what pathology is associated with each?

A

viscerotropic - GIT haemorrhage
neurotropic - resp and neuro lesions
mesogenic - resp and neuro lesions
asymptomatic enteric

31
Q

what is the difference between the neurotropic and mesotropic forms of Newcastle disease?

A 
neurotropic = high mortality
mesogenic = low mortality
32
Q

how is Newcastle disease Dx?

A

via oropharyngeal swabs

33
Q

how is Newcastle disease Px?

A

live vaccine in layers and breeders

34
Q

what does avian metapnuemovirus cause?

A

rhinotracheitis

35
Q

what are the four subtypes of metapnuemovirus?

A

A,B,C and D

36
Q

what are the main Sx of rhinotracheitis?

A

resp disease

egg peritonitis

37
Q

how does infection with avian metapneumovirus differ in chickens cf. turkeys?

A

milder disease seen in in chickens BUT may lead to swollen head syndrome

38
Q

how can avian metapneumovirus be Px?

A

live vaccine for subtypes A and B

39
Q

which two mycoplasma spp affect chickens?

A

M. gallisepticum

M. synoviae

40
Q

how might mycoplasma infection of a flock affect the owner economically?

A

UK flocks must be free from myocoplasmosis for export

41
Q

what are the main sx of mycoplasmosis in flocks?

A

resp. disease
swollen hocks / arthritis
egg drop
sternal bursitis

42
Q

how can mycoplasmosis be Px?

A

vaccination

43
Q

what is the gape worm?

A

syngamus trachea - a hookworm causing mechanical damage to the trachea, asphyxiation and coughing

44
Q

which diseases are notifiable in chickens?

A

avian influenza
Newcastle disease
pigeon paramyxovirus

45
Q

what are the regions of the female repro tract of birds?

A 
infundibulum
magnum
isthmus
uterus
vagina
cloaca
46
Q

what is the function of each region of the female repro tract?

A 
infundibulum = capture ovum
magnum = addition of albumin
isthmus = addition of shell membranes
uterus = addition of the egg shell
47
Q

what is ‘candling’?

A

a procedure done at 9-10d after incubation to determine fertility of the eggs

48
Q

how long are chicken eggs incubated for cf. turkey and duck eggs?

A

21d cf. 28d

49
Q

what are the 7 main problems which affect the repro tract of chickens?

A 
oviduct infection
egg peritonitis
IBV infection
M. synoviae
egg bound
vent gleet
pyometra
50
Q

why might a chicken become egg bound?

A

lack of Ca in diet

51
Q

which 4 viruses can be transmitted vertically in chickens?

A

Retrovirus - lymphoid leucosis
Reovirus - viral arthritis
Adenovirus - egg drop syndrome
Astrovirus

52
Q

which 4 bacterial spp can be transmitted vertically in chickens?

A

salmonella
e. coli
staph
mycoplasma

53
Q

what are the 3 main immunosuppressive diseases seen in chickens?

A

infectious bursal disease virus
chicken anaemia virus
marek’s disease

54
Q

what does IBDv affect?

A

the bursa and B-cell production

55
Q

what are the effects of IBDv infection?

A

mortality of up to 40% and immune suppression, bursal lesions

56
Q

how is infection with IBDv Px?

A

live vaccine for boilers

inactivated vaccine for layers and breeders

57
Q

what does chicken anaemia virus affect?

A

the thymus and T cells

58
Q

what is the difference between CAV maternal Ab +ve vs -ve chicks?

A 
\+ve = protected from disease
-ve = susceptible to disease from 2wks age
59
Q

what lesions are seen with CAV?

A

thymus and spleen - atrophy and immunosuppression via T cells
bone marrow - anaemia

60
Q

when are clinical Sx of CAV seen and what are they?

A

infected > 7d, Sx from 12-17d

anorexia, depression, low PCV, leukopenia, immune suppression

61
Q

how is CAV Px?

A

live vaccine in breeding birds

62
Q

what is Marek’s disease?

A

tumour caused by an oncogenic herpes virus - mardivirus

63
Q

what characterised Marek’s disease?

A

nerve swelling and tumours

64
Q

how is Marek’s disease Px?

A

SC vaccine at 1d of age

65
Q

How is Marek’s transmitted?

A

mature virus excretion by feather follicles –> inhaled

high virus load in dust

66
Q

what are the 4 manifestations of Marek’s and what type of lesions do they cause?

A

a. neurological - floppy broiler syndrome = paralysis of legs and wings, eye lesion due to sciatic and brachial n. being affected
b. visceral - tumours of the heart, gonads, muscles and lungs
c. cutaneous - tumours of the feather follicles
d. ocular - uni or bilateral eye tumours

67
Q

What virus causes avian encephalomyelitis?

A

Picornavirus

68
Q

Which bone is affected by dyschondroplasia in chickens?

A

Proximal tibiotarsus

69
Q

What is the pathogenesis of egg Peritonitis?

A

Oviduct fimbriae fail to catch egg yolk - deposited in abdomen - Peritonitis

70
Q

Which bacterial agent is involved in egg Peritonitis?

A

E. Coli

71
Q

What causes egg drop syndrome?

A

Adenovirus

72
Q

What is egg drop syndrome?

A

Drop in egg production by 5-50% over 3-4wks caused by adenovirus

Shell quality may be affected - loss of pigment, rough, thin, soft

Poultry (5 decks)

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