Chicken Egg Production Flashcards
1
Q
the place where young chicks from as early as after hatching (DOP) are kept until they have grown to a point where they will not need anymore additional heat to keep them comfortable.
A
brooder
2
Q
brooder, This period is approximately __ weeks
A
4 weeks.
3
Q
VARIOUS TYPES OF BROODERS
A
a.Litter floor pens
b.Slat-floor
c.Battery or cage
brooders
4
Q
Heat sources, in Electric brooders (2)
A
- Electric bulbs
- Electric heaters
5
Q
Heat sources, Gas brooders (1)
A
- Gas heaters
6
Q
Heat sources, Kerosene brooders (2)
A
- Kerosene lamps
- Kerosene heaters
7
Q
Other fuel sources that can also provide the necessary heat:
A
wood, charcoal, coal, rice hulls, sawdust, etc
8
Q
This is a good system but because of more land area requirements, more and more farmers are adopting the complete confinement systems
A
Range grower house
9
Q
- a wide floor space area
- liability of intestinal parasites contaminating the whole flocks.
- Under tropical conditions, the litter floor can be very warm during certain seasons of the year.
- Mortality is expected to be higher.
A
Litter floor growing house
10
Q
Litter floor growing house is About __ square feet of floor space
A
2
11
Q
- lesser floor space allowance than litter floor
- Better air circulation is expected during hot summer months
- There is lesser chance of spreading parasitic infestation among birds
- no problem of the litter material to be stirred and replaced as the need arises.
A
Slat-floor per growing house
12
Q
Slat-floor per growing house is About ___ square feet per pullet
A
1.5
13
Q
- Growing pullets kept directly in the layer cages is a recent concept.
- Much smaller floor space allowance can be provided for pullets.
A
Cages
14
Q
Cages are ____ square foot per pullet is about a good average.
A
0.75
15
Q
*Layer houses
Most new commercial egg farms favor the use of _____ to keep their layers.
A
cages
16
Q
*Layer houses
____ operation can vary from the single-bird cage, doubles, three-in-a cage or more.
A
Layer cage
17
Q
*Layer houses
A good many egg raisers are still using ____ in relatively small pens with sloping floor for eggs to roll out on one side provided with egg receptacles.
A
slat-floors
18
Q
*Layer houses
can be either in litter-floor, slat-floor pens, or a combination of litter and slat-floor, and a combination of litter and slatted floor areas are used only for the ____
A
breeder flocks
19
Q
*Layer houses
floor requirements of litter floor layer house
A
2.0 to 2.5 square feet or more per layer.
20
Q
*Layer houses
-Research findings have shown that in multiple bird cage operations, crowding can be tolerated only in ____ with lesser number of birds in each group.
-It must be pointed out that layers kept together in cages must be properly _____ to prevent cannibalism.
A
small cages
debeaked
21
Q
*Feeders and feeder space requirements of layers
Litter floor house and a combination of litter and slat floor will usually accommodate feeders that can be located inside the pens. This is usually the case when layer houses are constructed ____
A
wide and deep.
22
Q
*Feeders and feeder space requirements of layers
For narrow slat-floor layer houses, _____ are very common devices. The feeders can be made of lumber or galvanized iron sheets.
A
side feeders
23
Q
*Feeders and feeder space requirements of layers
Layers being kept in cages are almost always provided with feeders that run along the ____ of the cages.
A
front side
24
Q
*Feeders and feeder space requirements of layers
Regardless of the type of housing and type of feeder design, layers must be provided with ample feeder space. Allowing at least ____ inches of linear feeder space will give satisfactory results.
A
4 inches
25
*Waterers and watering space requirements of layers
It can vary from as simple as putting water in pails, cans or basins to as sophisticated as supplying water through ____ or ____
automatic cups
nipple style waterers
26
*Waterers and watering space requirements of layers
-The watering space requirement of birds is ____ provided that water is available to them at all times.
- __ inch watering space per layer is already satisfactory if water is always available.
not very critical
1 inch
27
*Nests and egg baskets
If nests are necessary in the layer house operation, a ____ is very practical. Individual or community type nest must be designed to minimize breakage of eggs. ____ hens can share one nest.
roll-away type
Six
28
With layer cage operation where the eggs are expected to roll out on the sloping floor, ____ are not provided. Eggs are collected in ____
nests
wire basket
29
Labor saving devices in layer houses (7)
a. Automatic feeder
b. Monorail load carrier
c. Push carts
d. Battery carts
e. Manure scrapers
f. Time clock switch
g. Egg conveyors
30
*Raising the Pullets
*1. Stocks to start the pullets
Only females are essential stock for egg production. They are generally purchased as ____ old chicks from reliable breeder- hatchery farms.
one-day
31
*Raising the Pullets
*1. Stocks to start the pullets
The separation of male and female chicks is supposed to be done in the hatchery. Sexing is done be either the ____
vent method/machine method & feather method.
32
*Raising the Pullets
*2. Brooding requirements
temperature requirements of chicks:
1 day to 1 week - ?
1 week to 2 weeks - ?
2 weeks to 3 weeks - ?
3 weeks to 4 weeks - ?
1 day to 1 week - 93-90°F
1 week to 2 weeks - 90°F
2 weeks to 3 weeks - 85°F
3 weeks to 4 weeks - 80°F
33
*Raising the Pullets
*3. Feeding and watering the young chicks
____ and ____ must be available at all times.
Feed and water
34
*Raising the Pullets
*3. Feeding and watering the young chicks
Feed (chick starter mash) with a protein content of about ____percent must be given to them right where they are comfortable to stay. If the floor is line with paper matting, the feed can be scattered right there. The use of chick feeder will be most desirable.
20 to 22
35
*Raising the Pullets
*3. Feeding and watering the young chicks
The availability of drinking water to the chicks as early as possible must be emphasized. There are ____ so designed for this purpose.
chick waterers
36
*Raising the Pullets
*3. Feeding and watering the young chicks
Fresh and clean drinking water is satisfactory to the chicks but since they might have been stressed during a long travel or that the feed mixture may not provide all the essential nutrients that they need, supplementation of ____ preparations has become a very common practice. Such supplementation gives the chick a good start.
water soluble vitamin-mineral-antibiotic
37
*Raising the Pullets
*5. Floor space requirements of pullets
1 day to 3 weeks - ?
3 weeks to 8 weeks - ?
8 weeks to 12 weeks - ?
1 day to 3 weeks - 0.3 sq.ft/chick
3 weeks to 8 weeks - 0.5 sq.ft/chick
8 weeks to 12 weeks - 1.0 sq.ft/chick
38
*Raising the Pullets
*6. Lighting requirements
____ the chicks throughout the night is favorable to growth because there is more eating time if feed is available to them. After __ weeks, however, some light restriction must be observed. When the pullets are already approaching sexual maturity, light has some effect on the reproductive organs through hormonal stimulation by light. Since it is not desirable that the pullets start egg production at a very early age, lighting must be restricted.
Lighting
16 weeks
39
*Raising the Pullets
*6. Lighting requirements
When they have reached the proper age to produce eggs, the lighting hours must be ____ until it is at its maximum for best utilization.
gradually increased
40
*Raising the Pullets
*7. Preventing feather picking and cannibalism
One of the common problems encountered in raising pullets is ____ which almost always results in the more serious problem, ____
feather picking
cannibalism.
41
several factors that may contribute to cannibalism (6)
a.Imbalance of energy and protein in the diet. A high energy diet with low protein leads to this problem.
b.Crowded house, pen or cage
c.Hot temperature
d.Too bright lighting
e.A vicious habit started by one or few birds
f.A strain characteristic
42
Some suggestions to remedy or prevent and/or control cannibalism (2)
a.Check on the nutrition, floor space, temperature and lighting provided.
b. If all requirements seem correct and the trouble still persists, debeaking will minimize the seriousness of damage imparted.
43
If cannibalism is a common problem in previous experience, ____ can be done as a regular practice regardless of any outbreak of cannibalism in the present flock
debeaking
44
*Raising the Pullets
*8. Approaching sexual maturity
After ____ of age, the reproductive organs of pullets will start to develop in preparation for reproduction (egg production).
16 weeks
45
*Raising the Pullets
*8. Approaching sexual maturity
a. The comb and wattles begin to ____ in size and the color becomes ____.
b. The pelvic bones become ____ and the abdomen becomes _____.
increase
red
wide apart
enlarged
46
*Raising the Pullets
*8. Approaching sexual maturity
c. The pullet becomes ____ and cackles.
d. She instinctively looks for ____ if she has the chance to scout around.
friendly
nest
47
*Raising the Pullets
*8. Approaching sexual maturity
e. The vent becomes enlarge, ____.
f. All of the above manifestations are confirmed by the laying of the egg in the later period of development.
dilated and moist
48
suggestions to achieve delay in sexual maturity:
-Actual amount of feed given can be reduced.
-The feed can be diluted by incorporating a high fiber material (like rice hulls).
-A low protein or specifically low lysine diet
-any method of feed restriction, light must also be restricted.
49
After ____, the pullets must be encouraged or stimulated to go on with their reproductive functions.
22 weeks
50
*Raising the Pullets
9. Cost of raising pullets
a. Cost of 110 day-old pullet chicks at P37
b. Cost of 1,000 kg. Feed consumed up to 5 1⁄2 months at P33/kg.
c. Cost of vaccines, supplements and medicine
d. Cost of light (heat) and water
e. Cost of labor
f. House and equipment depreciation
g. Miscellaneous
h. Interest on investments
51
*Transferring Pullets to Layer Houses for Egg Production
Age at housing pullets?
19-21 weeks
52
*Transferring Pullets to Layer Houses for Egg Production
*2. Selection of pullets for the laying house
a. Pullets are revaccinated for Avian Pest and Fowl Pox between ____ of age. These should be their final doses that should be carried through during the first laying year.
4 to 5 months
53
*Transferring Pullets to Layer Houses for Egg Production
*2. Selection of pullets for the laying house
b. If the pullets have not been debeaked earlier and/or if another debeaking is necessary, it must be done before the start of ____.
egg production
54
*Transferring Pullets to Layer Houses for Egg Production
*2. Selection of pullets for the laying house
c. ____ can be a regular practice for particular farms. Others will not do it except when there is a need to do so.
Delousing
55
*Transferring Pullets to Layer Houses for Egg Production
*2. Selection of pullets for the laying house
d. ____ before egg production commences is a very good control measure against intestinal parasites. Be sure to follow directions strictly when these drugs are administered to your birds.
Deworming
56
*Layer House Management
1.Daily routine of work in the layer house (3)
a. Feeding
b. Watering
c. Egg collection
57
*a. Feeding
protein level ranging from ____ to as high as ____; the protein level requirement of laying hens is the most controversial subject of nutrition up to the present.
15 percent
18 percent
58
*a. Feeding
The amount of feed consumed by layers is influenced by a variety of factors:
(1) Age, size and egg production rate of the particular layer
(2) Energy content of the diet
( 3) Climatic conditions
(4) Health status of the hens
59
*a. Feeding
Generally, mature laying hens will consume about as low as ____ to as high as ____ a day. One year consumption varies from 40 to 42 kilos per layer.
The frequency of feeding during the day will depend on the kind of feeder used and the feeding system chosen.
90 grams
140 grams
60
*a. Feeding
Feeding layers 2x a day, once in the ____ and once in the ____, if followed by many. Distributing it three times a day is desired by farmers who can afford to provide more labor.
automatic feeders are usually set to move the feeds every ____
morning
afternoon
2-3 hours
61
*a. Feeding
* Regardless of the frequency of putting the feed, the amount of feed consumed by each layer can vary only very slightly, taking into consideration that all other factors are the same.
* Whatever system of feeding is employed, always be cautious about minimizing the ____ if it cannot totally be prevented. Only the feeds eaten by layers are expected to be converted to eggs. Feeds that are spilled on the ground or mixed with litter, eaten by rodents and birds go to waste.
wastage of feed
62
*b. Watering
- Drinking water must be available to the layers all the time. The egg is about ____ water.
- 100 layers: 7 gallons H2O during a normal day and will drink much more when the temperature of the environment becomes higher.
65 to 70 percent
63
*b. Watering
-Layers can take certain short period starvation (without feed) when ____ is available and keep normal egg production rate. When they are deprived of drinking water for a couple of hours, even when there is feed all the time, this will certainly be reflected in a declined egg production rate.
water
64
*c. Egg collection
Laying hens are expected to product one egg everyday. They are capable of doing it but it is next to impossible to realize the one-egg-one-day for long period of time. They are, therefore, expected to ____ some day in egg production.
skip
65
*c. Egg collection
Oviposition (the act of egg laying) takes place normally as early as 7:00 a.m. to as late as about 4:00 p.m. Majority of hens lay their eggs between ____. The concentration of egg laying takes place before noon as a common observation.
10:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m
66
*c. Egg collection
In small farm units, eggs are collected only ____ during the day when should have dropped their eggs. This is to economize on labor. Bigger egg farm operations do egg collection more frequently. Collecting eggs ____ (10:00 a.m., 2:00 p.m, 5:00 p.m.) is the recommended frequency.
once
three times a day
67
two very important in Layer House Management?
10. Fly control and manure disposal
11. House cleaning and disinfection
68
Collecting eggs more often than once has the following advantages:
(1) The eggs can be kept in the egg storage room where favorable environmental conditions can be provided.
(2) Eggs kept long in the nests or pens or cages are liable to exposed to high temperature, more dust and dirt, bird’s dung, trampled by hens, intentionally picked or broken by some layers and other possible agencies that can injure them.
69
*Layer House Management
*2. Care of the table eggs
If there are no cold storage facilities on the farm that can provide the proper temperature, it will be best to ____ eggs to the egg-processing plant or storage facilities as often as possible and not longer than 3 days in non-refrigerated rooms.
sell or transport
70
*Layer House Management
*2. Care of the table eggs
Factors that can retain quality of table eggs are the following:
1. Temperature – 40 oF
2. Humidity – 80 – 85 % R.H
3. Cleaning or cleanliness factor
4. Length of storage period
71
*Layer House Management
*3. Artificial lighting for the layers
Recommended lighting period is at least ____.
14 hours to about 16 hours
72
As a general practice, ____ can be executed at any time it if is necessary that some of them must be removed due to whatever characteristic conditions existing at the particular time
culling
73
Profitability or a layer flock at a certain period of time can be influenced by the rate of egg production. on the other hand, the number of eggs that can be collected depends on the presence or absence of poor and nonproductive layers
*Layer House Management
4. Culling poor and nonproductive layer
74
*Layer House Management
*6. Molting habits of chicken
The shedding off of these feathers is called ____
molting
75
*Layer House Management
7. Forced molting of layers
a.When there are not enough pullets grown for replacement.
b.When there is better price for large eggs. Molted hens produced more large eggs that pullets.
c.Force molting can be resorted to switch egg-production season when egg prices are low.
d.When your layer flock has a good record of health production that a second laying year is warranted.
76
*Layer House Management
Program of replacement can vary from a set of one flock every year or a set of flock every six month, every 4 months, or every 3 months. It can be as often as a monthly setup of replacement stocks, depending on your program and availability of facilities.
8. Flock replacement program
77
*Layer House Management
*9. Disposal of old hens
* Wholesale marketing of old hens is best. ____ can be done only if it is necessary. Old hens are good stewing chicken. Soup factories should be able to absorb this product of egg farm.
* All old hens in the same batch must be totally ____ before the new pullets should come in the particular laying house.
Retail marketing
disposed
