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IMAG234: Advancing radiographic Practice > Chest pathology and the critical chest > Flashcards

Chest pathology and the critical chest Flashcards

1
Q

what % of the chest cavity does a normal heart occupy?

A

approx. 50%

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2
Q

what is the cardiothoracic ratio

A

A (width of the heart) / B (width of chest cavity)

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3
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have

A

3- right upper lobe
right middle lobe
right lower lobe

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4
Q

what is the line called that separates the upper and lower lobe (right and left lung)

A

major fissure

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5
Q

what is the line called that separates the upper and middle lobe (right lung)

A

minor fissure

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6
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have

A

2- left upper lobe

left lower lobe

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7
Q

what are the 5 main chest pathologies

A

1) cardiomegaly
2) heart failure
3) PO/Fluid overload
4) ARDS
5) Lung Cancers

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8
Q

what is the aetiology,causes of cardiomegaly (6 points)

A

1) Valve disease- MVD/AVD/TVD
2) Hypertension
3) cardiomyopathy
4) CAD
5) Myocarditis
6) Trauma/Surgery

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9
Q

what are the two types of heart valve disease

A

1) primary aortic or

2) mitral valve disease

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10
Q

what can valves either be (2 answers)

A

1)stenosed (narrowed)

2incompetent=regurgitation

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11
Q

what two things does heart valve disease cause

A

increase in pulmonary and right heart pressures

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12
Q

what can heart valve disease lead to

A

pulmonary oedema

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13
Q

what is the equation for blood pressure

A

BP= heart rate + systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

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14
Q

what is SVR

A

systemic vascular resistance

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15
Q

contributing factors for hypertension (8 possible)

A

1) family history
2) smoking
3) obesity
4) diabetes
5) kidney diseases
6) high alcohol intake
7) lack of exercise
8) certain medicines (steroids)

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16
Q

what can hypertension lead to

A

heart failure

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17
Q

what is dilated cardiomyopathy

A

enlarged heart with dilation of all 4 chambers

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18
Q

what is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

asymmetrical hypertrophy of the ventricular septum (HOCM)

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19
Q

what is restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

loss of ventricular compliance. Can have normal heart size, but ventricular cavities markedly obliterated by extensive endocardial thickening

20
Q

4 commons things resulting from cardiomyopathy

A

1) angina pectoris (chest pain)
2) syncope (fainting)
3) cardiac failure
4) sudden death

21
Q

what can atherosclerosis leading to myocardial infarction (MI) cause

A

injury and irreversible damaged to the myocardium

22
Q

what is myocarditis

A

an inflammation of the heart muscle

23
Q

what can cause myocarditis (4 points)

A

1) viral infection
2) bacterial infection
3) rheumatic fever
4) toxic reaction to a drug

24
Q

what can myocarditis cause (3 things)

A

1) damage to the heart muscle
2) the heart’s pumping action
3) a degree of heart failure

25
Q

what three types of heart failure are there?

A

1) left ventricular failure
2) right ventricular failure
3) Biventricular failure

26
Q

what happens with LVF

A

fluid will build up in the lungs due to congestion of the veins of the lungs-pulmonary oedema

27
Q

what happens with RVF

A

general body vein pressure will increase and fluid will accumulate in the body, especially the tissues of the legs and abdominal organs (liver most common)- limb and abdominal oedema

28
Q

what is biventricular failure and how does it occur

A

RVF + LVF- also known as congestive cardiac failure (CCF)

Often left heart failure leads to right heart failure, causing biventricular failure

29
Q

signs and symptoms of LVF (10 possible)

A

1) orthopnea (SOB)
2) dyspnea/tachypnea
3) restlessness/insomnia
4) cyanosis (bluish colouration)
5) cough
6) tachycardia
7) fatigue
8) weakness
9) anorexia
10) diaphoresis (sweating)

30
Q

signs and symptoms of RVF(11 possible)

A

`1)weight gain

2) ascites
3) abdominal distension
4) oedema
5) dilated peripheral veins
6) GI distress-nausea, vomiting, jaundice
7) Hepto/splenomegaly
8) fatigue
9) weakness
10) anorexia
11) diaphoresis (sweating)

31
Q

what is ARDS

A

adult/acute respiratory distress syndrome

32
Q

what are the 3 things of ARDS

A

1) called ‘shock lung’
2) sudden damage to alveoli- odematous changes
3) usually acutely ill patients- trauma, post surgery, infection

33
Q

what are the 4 main types of lung cancers

A

1) small cell
2) non small cell (NSCLC)
3) mesothelioma
4) metastases

34
Q

what are 4 types of non small cell lung cancers(NSCLC)

A

1) squamous cell
2) adenocarcinoma
3) large cell
4) bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma

35
Q

what happens with small cell lung cancer (4 things)

A

1) strongly associated with smoking
2) very aggressive
3) mets very early
4) central tumour= main bronchus/lobar bronchus

36
Q

what is the prognosis and treatment of NSCLC

A

vary depending on stage

37
Q

what is the best chance of curing NSCLC

A

surgery for stages 1 or 2

20-25& patients

38
Q

what are the two forms of treatment for non-surgical candidates with NSCLC

A

chemotherapy or

radiotherapy

39
Q

what is the survival rate/ years of survival of stage 1a of NSCLC

A

82%, 5 year survival

40
Q

what is the survival rate/ years of survival of stage 4 of NSCLC

A

10%, 1 year survival

41
Q

what is mesothelioma

A

a rare form of cancer, is a disease in which malignant cells are found in the pleura, or peritoneum

42
Q

what % of cases of mesothelioma have a history of asbestos exposure

A

70-80%

43
Q

what are the 6 common metastases from lung cancer

A

1) Ca Breast
2) Testicular Ca
3) colon
4) sarcoma
5) bladder
6) prostate

44
Q

what is a main sign of mets

A

cachexic presentation- loss of weight suddenly

45
Q

what is pulmonary oedema

A

build up of fluid in the lungs

IMAG234: Advancing radiographic Practice (19 decks)

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