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Chest and Breast Pathology > Chest and Breast Pathology > Flashcards

Chest and Breast Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Factors include Idiopathic, abnormal heart beat, fluid around the heart, excessive iron deposits

A

Cardiomegaly

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2
Q

Is cardiomegaly congenital?

A

yes

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3
Q

Main type of Cardiomegly

A

Cardiomyopathy

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4
Q

Can lead to ISHEMIC portions of the heart and IM

A

Cardiac Thrombosis

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5
Q

Chest pain, Pain towards hands, jaw, ear and stomach and right arm

A

Cardiac thrombosis

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6
Q

What percentage of Aortic aneurysms occur in the chest

A

25%

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7
Q

What diseases are common with a TAA

A

Marfan’s syndrome, Syphillis, Tuberculosis

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8
Q

20-30% survive if it is ruptured

A

TAA

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9
Q

What is a cause of TAA

A

Artherosclerosis

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10
Q

MRI of a TAA

A 
T1, T2= SIGNAL VOID
Cine studies (visualize blood flow)
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11
Q

Is Atrial Septal Defect congenital

A

yes

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12
Q

Treatment for ASD

A

surgery, treated sucessfully

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13
Q

Symptoms of ASD

A

may begin after birth through childhood, frequent chest infections, feeling the heart beat in adults, shortness of breath

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14
Q

ASD is more common in?

A

Females

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15
Q

The most COMMON congenital heart defect

A

Ventricular septal defect

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16
Q

One or more holes in the ventricular septum

A

VSD

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17
Q

What will VSD cause

A

a murmur

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18
Q

Symptoms of VSD

A

Fast HR, sweating while feeding, respiratory infections, failure to gain weight

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19
Q

Oxygen rich blood gets pumped back to the lungs instead of out to the body

A

VSD

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20
Q

4 abnormalities of the heart

A
  1. Inter-ventricular Septal defect
  2. Narrowing of the valve leading to the pulmonary arteries
  3. Hypertrophy of the RT ventricle
  4. Dextroposition of the aorta
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21
Q

Decreased blood flow to the lungs and mixing blood within the heart

A

Tetralogy of fallot

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22
Q

Factors of Tetralogy

A

Alcoholism, over 40, poor nutrition during pregnancy, rubella

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23
Q

Congenital Anomly

A

Coarctation

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24
Q

narrowing of the descending aorta

A

Coarctation

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25
Q

Common associations of coarctation

A

Bicuspid instead of tricuspid aortic valve,VSD

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26
Q

6-8% of all congenital heart defects

A

Coarctation

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27
Q

Symptoms of Coarctation

A

Neonates (tachypnea,tachycardia,difference in BP)
Younger children (hypertension or murmur)
Older (difference in BP between upper and lower extremities)

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28
Q

Treatment of Coarctation

A

Surgery, possible recurrence

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29
Q

MRI of coarctation

A

CMR, Transverse and Sag images, CINE, Candy Cane view

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30
Q

When blood enters into the wall of the artery dissecting between the layers and creating a cavity or false lumen in vessel wall

A

Aortic dissection

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31
Q

Symptoms of aortic dssection

A

Chest and abdominal pain

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32
Q

what percent are Asymptomatic for Aortic dissections

A

15-20%

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33
Q

2 categories of aortic dissections

A

Type A- ascending aorta 60%

Type B- Descending aorta 40%

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34
Q

Aortic Dissections peak incidence

A

6th and 7th decades

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35
Q

Aortic dissections are more common in

A

males

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36
Q

Factors of aortic dissections

A

hypertension,marfan syndroms,coarctation,aortitis,pregnancy

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37
Q

MRI of aortic dissections

A

dissection line that crosses the aorta (true or false lumen)
MRA-multi-planar images sagittal
CT with contrast is modality of choice
MRI and MRA can be done without contrast

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38
Q

When the heart is abnormally positioned in the right chest instead of the left

A

Dextrocardia

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39
Q

Is dextrocardia congenital or not

A

congenital

40
Q

Associated with Kartagner Syndrom

A

Dextrocardia

41
Q

Causes of Dextrocardia

A

No known cause

42
Q

Common heart defects of dextrocardia

A

double outlet right ventricle, endocardial cushion defect, pulmonary stenosis, single ventricle

43
Q

Complete right to left reversal of the thoracic and abdominal organs

A

Situs inversus

44
Q

Is situs inversus congenital or not

A

congenital

45
Q

is the heart on the right or left side of the chest for situs inversus

A

right

46
Q

symptoms of situs inversus

A

asymptomatic

47
Q

which ventricular hypertrophy is more common

A

left

48
Q

MRI left ventricular hypertrophy

A

Short axis cine sequences

49
Q

The most common case is Hight BP

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy

50
Q

Causes of Left ventricular hypertrophy

A

exercise, CONGENITAL, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

51
Q

The most common primary CARDIAC TUMOR

A

Myxoma

52
Q

Is myoxoma malignant or benign?

A

Benign

53
Q

Myxoma accounts for what percentage of cardiac tumors

A

20%

54
Q

Majority of myxoma’s develop in which atrium?

A

left atrium

55
Q

myxoma’s arise in where

A

the endometrium

56
Q

Occurs in multiple parts of the heart at the same time

A

myxomas

57
Q

which is more common to get myxomas

A

women

58
Q

The death of heart muscle from sudden blockage of a coronary artery

A

Heart attack/ myocardial infarction

59
Q

What can heart attacks lead to

A

heart failure or arrhythmias

60
Q

MRI for heart attacks

A

Cardiac Perfusion (identify healthy and dead tissue)

61
Q

Atherosclerotic plaque builds up in the lumen of the coronary arteries

A

Coronary artery disease

62
Q

Symptoms of CAD

A

shortness of breath, heart palpitations, dizziness, sweating

63
Q

Common sign of CAD

A

Angina

64
Q

Treatment of CAD

A

Stent, angioplasty, laser treatment, coronary artery by pass surgery

65
Q

MRI CAD

A

seeing if vessel is occluded

66
Q

Any dysfunction or abnormality of one or more of the heart’s four valves

A

Vavular disease

67
Q

Rheumatic fever most common

A

Vavular disesae

68
Q

Happens as a result of the vavular disease of the aortic valve leaflets

A

aortic regurgitation

69
Q

MRI Aortic Regurgitation

A

Diastolic flow void in the left ventricle, Left ventricular hypertrophy

70
Q

Most common malignancy in Canadian women and the second most leading cause of cancer death

A

Breast Cancer

71
Q

Change in breast size, skin changes, redness or dimpled skin

A

Breast Cancer

72
Q

Factors of breast cancer

A

> 45, early/late menses, previous chest radiation, oral contraceptives, not having children, obesity

73
Q

Common sites for breast cancer

A

ducts, lobules, glands

74
Q

2 main cancers in the breast

A

Ductal caner in situ, Inflammatory breast cancer

75
Q

Cancer that remains confined to ducts. Cells have NOT grown into deeper tissues in the breast or spread

A

Ductal caner in situ

76
Q

non-invasive or pre-invasive

A

DCIS

77
Q

Treatment for DCIS

A

lumpectomy and radiation, simple masectomy, lumpectomy

78
Q

Survival rate for DCIS

A

100%

79
Q

MRI DCIS

A
  • will enhance with contrast

- DCIS does not show a specific enhancement pattern

80
Q

Rare and very aggressive cancer

A

Inflammatory breast cancer

81
Q

Infiltrates the skin and lymph vessels of the breast become blocked

A

Inflammatory breast cancer

82
Q

Grows in nests and sheets

A

IBC

83
Q

Symptoms of IBC

A

pink, increase in breast size, warm, swollen, bruise that doesnt go away

84
Q

MRI IBC

A
  • A mass or multiple masses, internal pattern HETEROGENOUS
  • Biopsy needed
  • Chemo before surgery and radiation
85
Q

BC in 3 general locations

A

LOCAL-where it started
Regional-lymph nodes next to breast
Metastatic-another part of the body

86
Q

Solid and benign tumor of the breast

A

Fibroadenomas

87
Q

20-30, glandular breast tissue and connective tissue, birth control before 20, feels like a marble, painless

A

Fibroadenomas

88
Q

2 types, simple and complex

A

Fibroadenomas (simple most common)

89
Q

MRI Fibroadenomas

A

T1-hypo or iso
T2- hypo or hyper
Contrast-variable (enhance in the delayed phase)

90
Q

Benign condition affecting 50-60%

A

Fibrocystic changes

91
Q

what causes fibrocystic changes

A

changes in the ovarian hormones

92
Q

biopsy needed is lump is firm

A

Fibrocystic changes

93
Q

Treatment for fibrocystic changes

A

NONE

94
Q

Does fibrocystic changes increase your risk of breast cancer?

A

no

95
Q

MRI fibrocystic changes

A

cystic appearance

96
Q

Linked to mastitis

A

Breast abscess

97
Q

Treatment and Common modality for Breast abscess

A

antibiotics, drained

Ultrasound

Chest and Breast Pathology (1 decks)

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