Chest and Breast Pathology Flashcards
1
Q
Factors include Idiopathic, abnormal heart beat, fluid around the heart, excessive iron deposits
A
Cardiomegaly
2
Q
Is cardiomegaly congenital?
A
yes
3
Q
Main type of Cardiomegly
A
Cardiomyopathy
4
Q
Can lead to ISHEMIC portions of the heart and IM
A
Cardiac Thrombosis
5
Q
Chest pain, Pain towards hands, jaw, ear and stomach and right arm
A
Cardiac thrombosis
6
Q
What percentage of Aortic aneurysms occur in the chest
A
25%
7
Q
What diseases are common with a TAA
A
Marfan’s syndrome, Syphillis, Tuberculosis
8
Q
20-30% survive if it is ruptured
A
TAA
9
Q
What is a cause of TAA
A
Artherosclerosis
10
Q
MRI of a TAA
A
T1, T2= SIGNAL VOID Cine studies (visualize blood flow)
11
Q
Is Atrial Septal Defect congenital
A
yes
12
Q
Treatment for ASD
A
surgery, treated sucessfully
13
Q
Symptoms of ASD
A
may begin after birth through childhood, frequent chest infections, feeling the heart beat in adults, shortness of breath
14
Q
ASD is more common in?
A
Females
15
Q
The most COMMON congenital heart defect
A
Ventricular septal defect
16
Q
One or more holes in the ventricular septum
A
VSD
17
Q
What will VSD cause
A
a murmur
18
Q
Symptoms of VSD
A
Fast HR, sweating while feeding, respiratory infections, failure to gain weight
19
Q
Oxygen rich blood gets pumped back to the lungs instead of out to the body
A
VSD
20
Q
4 abnormalities of the heart
A
- Inter-ventricular Septal defect
- Narrowing of the valve leading to the pulmonary arteries
- Hypertrophy of the RT ventricle
- Dextroposition of the aorta
21
Q
Decreased blood flow to the lungs and mixing blood within the heart
A
Tetralogy of fallot
22
Q
Factors of Tetralogy
A
Alcoholism, over 40, poor nutrition during pregnancy, rubella
23
Q
Congenital Anomly
A
Coarctation
24
Q
narrowing of the descending aorta
A
Coarctation
25
Common associations of coarctation
Bicuspid instead of tricuspid aortic valve,VSD
26
6-8% of all congenital heart defects
Coarctation
27
Symptoms of Coarctation
Neonates (tachypnea,tachycardia,difference in BP)
Younger children (hypertension or murmur)
Older (difference in BP between upper and lower extremities)
28
Treatment of Coarctation
Surgery, possible recurrence
29
MRI of coarctation
CMR, Transverse and Sag images, CINE, Candy Cane view
30
When blood enters into the wall of the artery dissecting between the layers and creating a cavity or false lumen in vessel wall
Aortic dissection
31
Symptoms of aortic dssection
Chest and abdominal pain
32
what percent are Asymptomatic for Aortic dissections
15-20%
33
2 categories of aortic dissections
Type A- ascending aorta 60%
| Type B- Descending aorta 40%
34
Aortic Dissections peak incidence
6th and 7th decades
35
Aortic dissections are more common in
males
36
Factors of aortic dissections
hypertension,marfan syndroms,coarctation,aortitis,pregnancy
37
MRI of aortic dissections
dissection line that crosses the aorta (true or false lumen)
MRA-multi-planar images sagittal
CT with contrast is modality of choice
MRI and MRA can be done without contrast
38
When the heart is abnormally positioned in the right chest instead of the left
Dextrocardia
39
Is dextrocardia congenital or not
congenital
40
Associated with Kartagner Syndrom
Dextrocardia
41
Causes of Dextrocardia
No known cause
42
Common heart defects of dextrocardia
double outlet right ventricle, endocardial cushion defect, pulmonary stenosis, single ventricle
43
Complete right to left reversal of the thoracic and abdominal organs
Situs inversus
44
Is situs inversus congenital or not
congenital
45
is the heart on the right or left side of the chest for situs inversus
right
46
symptoms of situs inversus
asymptomatic
47
which ventricular hypertrophy is more common
left
48
MRI left ventricular hypertrophy
Short axis cine sequences
49
The most common case is Hight BP
Left ventricular hypertrophy
50
Causes of Left ventricular hypertrophy
exercise, CONGENITAL, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
51
The most common primary CARDIAC TUMOR
Myxoma
52
Is myoxoma malignant or benign?
Benign
53
Myxoma accounts for what percentage of cardiac tumors
20%
54
Majority of myxoma's develop in which atrium?
left atrium
55
myxoma's arise in where
the endometrium
56
Occurs in multiple parts of the heart at the same time
myxomas
57
which is more common to get myxomas
women
58
The death of heart muscle from sudden blockage of a coronary artery
Heart attack/ myocardial infarction
59
What can heart attacks lead to
heart failure or arrhythmias
60
MRI for heart attacks
Cardiac Perfusion (identify healthy and dead tissue)
61
Atherosclerotic plaque builds up in the lumen of the coronary arteries
Coronary artery disease
62
Symptoms of CAD
shortness of breath, heart palpitations, dizziness, sweating
63
Common sign of CAD
Angina
64
Treatment of CAD
Stent, angioplasty, laser treatment, coronary artery by pass surgery
65
MRI CAD
seeing if vessel is occluded
66
Any dysfunction or abnormality of one or more of the heart’s four valves
Vavular disease
67
Rheumatic fever most common
Vavular disesae
68
Happens as a result of the vavular disease of the aortic valve leaflets
aortic regurgitation
69
MRI Aortic Regurgitation
Diastolic flow void in the left ventricle, Left ventricular hypertrophy
70
Most common malignancy in Canadian women and the second most leading cause of cancer death
Breast Cancer
71
Change in breast size, skin changes, redness or dimpled skin
Breast Cancer
72
Factors of breast cancer
>45, early/late menses, previous chest radiation, oral contraceptives, not having children, obesity
73
Common sites for breast cancer
ducts, lobules, glands
74
2 main cancers in the breast
Ductal caner in situ, Inflammatory breast cancer
75
Cancer that remains confined to ducts. Cells have NOT grown into deeper tissues in the breast or spread
Ductal caner in situ
76
non-invasive or pre-invasive
DCIS
77
Treatment for DCIS
lumpectomy and radiation, simple masectomy, lumpectomy
78
Survival rate for DCIS
100%
79
MRI DCIS
- will enhance with contrast
| - DCIS does not show a specific enhancement pattern
80
Rare and very aggressive cancer
Inflammatory breast cancer
81
Infiltrates the skin and lymph vessels of the breast become blocked
Inflammatory breast cancer
82
Grows in nests and sheets
IBC
83
Symptoms of IBC
pink, increase in breast size, warm, swollen, bruise that doesnt go away
84
MRI IBC
- A mass or multiple masses, internal pattern HETEROGENOUS
- Biopsy needed
- Chemo before surgery and radiation
85
BC in 3 general locations
LOCAL-where it started
Regional-lymph nodes next to breast
Metastatic-another part of the body
86
Solid and benign tumor of the breast
Fibroadenomas
87
20-30, glandular breast tissue and connective tissue, birth control before 20, feels like a marble, painless
Fibroadenomas
88
2 types, simple and complex
Fibroadenomas (simple most common)
89
MRI Fibroadenomas
T1-hypo or iso
T2- hypo or hyper
Contrast-variable (enhance in the delayed phase)
90
Benign condition affecting 50-60%
Fibrocystic changes
91
what causes fibrocystic changes
changes in the ovarian hormones
92
biopsy needed is lump is firm
Fibrocystic changes
93
Treatment for fibrocystic changes
NONE
94
Does fibrocystic changes increase your risk of breast cancer?
no
95
MRI fibrocystic changes
cystic appearance
96
Linked to mastitis
Breast abscess
97
Treatment and Common modality for Breast abscess
antibiotics, drained
| Ultrasound
