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CHES exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key concepts in community organizing and community building?

A

Empowerment, Critical Conciousness, Community Capacity, Issue Selection, Participation and Relevance

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2
Q

What are the steps for effective coalition

A

analyze the issue or prgram on which the coalition will focus, create awareness of the issue, conduct initual coalition planning and recruitment, develop resources and funding for the coalition, create coalition infrastructure, elect coalition leaderships, create an action plan

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3
Q

The systematic identification of needs within a population and determination of the degree to which those needs are being met

A

Needs Assessment

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4
Q

Primary Data

A

Data gathered by the health education specialist directly from or about the individual or population of interest. These data answer questions related to the specific needs assessment.

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5
Q

In which means is primary data mostly collected

A

surveys, interviews, focus groups and direct observation

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6
Q

Secondary data

A

data that have already been collected by others that may or may not be directly gathered from the individual or population being assessed

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7
Q

Examples of secondary data

A

existing research published in peer reviewed journals and/ or datasets, US Census, Vital Records and Disease Registries

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8
Q

Stakeholders

A

may be involved in program operations as program manager, program staff, partners, funding agencies, coalition members or those served or affected by the program\ project including patients, clients, advocacy groups and community members

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9
Q

What is the 6 step process for conducting a needs assessment

A

determine the scope of work and the purpose for the needs assessments, other the data, analyze the data, id any factors linked to the health problem, identify the focus for the program, validate the need before continuing with the planning process

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10
Q

What questions do theories answer

A

why, what and how

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11
Q

What are the five models for conducting a needs assessment

A

epidemiological model, public health model, social model, asset model, and rapid model

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12
Q

Epidemiological model

A

focuses on epi data like death rates, prevalaence rates and birth rates

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13
Q

Public Health model

A

attempts to quantify health problems and often uses epi data but can be more focuses on a specific poplation and be mindful of limitations of resources. PRECEDE PROCEED can be tool for approach

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14
Q

Social model

A

investigates social or political issues that influence health

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15
Q

Asset model

A

focuses on the strengths of a community, organization, or population and looks to find ways to use existing assets to improve health.

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16
Q

Rapid model

A

framework that is used when time and money are lacking for a needs assessment. Offers some basic information but lacks detail.

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17
Q

Primary Sources of Data

A

Survey, interview, observation, community forums and meetings, nominal group, Delphi panel, self assessment

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18
Q

Nominal Group

A

highly structured process in which a few representatives from the priority population are asked to respond to questions based on specific needs. small group of five to seven with each member having an equal voice in the discussion

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19
Q

Delphi panel

A

a group process that generates consensus by using a series of mailed or emailed questionnaires. process involves individuals from three groups, decision makers, staff and program participants.

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20
Q

Secondary Data

A

federal government agencies, MMWR, Census records, SSA, nongovernmental agencies (hospital), peer reviewed journals, published scientific studies and reports

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21
Q

Behavioral Factors

A

actions of individuals, groups, or communities. ex: compliance, consumptions, utilization patterns, coping, preventative actions and self care

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22
Q

Environmental factors

A

determinants outside of the individual that can be modified to support behavior, healt and QOL. EX: economic, physical, public services and individuals access to affordability of and equity in health services

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23
Q

Individual factors

A

educational, social and cultural characteristics of the individual. knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and perceptions

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24
Q

According to the ecological model behavior has multiple influences such as

A

intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizations, community, and public policy

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25
Q

Predisposing factors

A

individual knowledge and affective traits

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26
Q

enabling factors

A

factors that make possible a change in behavior

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27
Q

reinforcing factors

A

feedback and encouragement resulting from a changed behavior, perhaps from significant or important others

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28
Q

What does program planning begin with

A

The assessment of existing health needs, problems and concerns

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29
Q

Set of planned activities over time designed to achieve specific objectives

A

Programs

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30
Q

The process of identifying needs, establishing priorities, diagnosing causes of problems, assessing and allocating resources and determining barriers to achieving objectives

A

Program planning

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31
Q

A statement of the distinctive purpose of and unique reason for the existence of a programs. Enduring over time and Id the scope or focus of the organization or program

A

Mission statement

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32
Q

General, long term statements of desired program outcomes and provide the direction upon which all objectives are based

A

Goals

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33
Q

Statements that describe, in measurable terms the changes in behavior, attitude, knowledge, skills, or health status that will occur in the intervention group as a result of the program. They are small, specific steps that enable the goal to be met

A

Objectives

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34
Q

Public or private, nonprofit organization of demonstrated effectiveness that is representative of a community or significant segments of a community and provides educational or related services to individuals in the community.

A

Community based organization

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35
Q

Why are some ways a priority population can be identified?

A

Needs assessment, current health crisis, public figure health status, request of health officials

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36
Q

What are the primary communication channels

A

Interpersonal, intrapersonal, organizational and community, and mass media

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37
Q

What are some ways to eliminate obstacles from obtaining input from priority populations and stake holders

A

Make personal contact with key representatives, provide incentives for participation, choose easily accessible meeting locations and conduct training programs for them

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38
Q

Who may a planning committee consist of

A

Representatives from all segments if the priority population, active community members, influential members of the community, representatives of the sponsoring agency, stakeholders and effective leaders

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39
Q

What is important to develop the support necessary for successful program planning?

A

Understand group dynamics and focus in team building

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40
Q

Processes vs outcomes

A

Processes might include program components, activities, delivery and time frame while outcomes could include short term changes (attitudes, skills, behaviors) or long term changes (behavior adherence, health status)

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41
Q

What needs to be done before data collection

A

Determine outcome to be achieved. May include changing behavioral risks, modifying environ characteristics, influence public policy and media awareness

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42
Q

Program planning includes

A

Designing appropriate interventions. Level of prevention, level of influence. Should be based on learning and educational theories and tailored

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43
Q

When are models used

A

Early in the planning process to help create an ideal strategy for implementation

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44
Q

PRECEDE- PROCEED phases

A

Social, epidemiological, educational and ecological, administrative and policy assessment, implementation, process, impact and outcome evaluation

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45
Q

Social assessment

A

Define QOL of priority population

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46
Q

Epidemiological assessment

A

Identify health problems of priority population and determine and prioritize behavior and environmental risk factors associated with the health problem

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47
Q

Educational and ecological assessment

A

Determine predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors

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48
Q

Admin and policy assessment

A

Determine resources available for the program

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49
Q

Implementation

A

Select strategies and activities, begin program

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50
Q

Process evaluation

A

Document program feasibility

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51
Q

Impact evaluation

A

Assess immediate effect of an intervention

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52
Q

Outcome evaluation

A

Determines whether long term program goals were met

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53
Q

MATCH

A

Multilevel approach to community health

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54
Q

What are the phases of MATCH

A

Goals selection, intervention planning, program development, implementation preparations and evaluation

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55
Q

Program planning process designed to influence the voluntary behavior of a specific audience to achieve social rather than financial objective

A

Social marketing

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56
Q

The process of informing a priority population about a health issue

A

Health communication

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57
Q

How does health communication reach populations about behavior change

A

Interpersonal, small group, organization, community and mass media channels. Ex: CDCynergy

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58
Q

CDCYNERGY phases

A 
Define and describe problem
Analyze problem
Identify and profile audience 
Develop communication strategies 
Develop and evaluation plan 
Launch the plan and obtain feedback
59
Q

What is one of the first items to consider when designing a health promotion intervention

A

Whether strategies address goals and objectives set by program planners

60
Q

What strategies can be used to meet the objectives of a program

A

Educational health engineering, community mobilization, health communication, health policy and enforcement, and health related community service strategies

61
Q

Educational strategies

A

Associated with classroom based courses. Ex: printed materials, social networking, brainstorming, case studies, lectures, role playing, simulations

62
Q

Health engineering strategies

A

Change the social or physical environment in high ppl live or work. Effect large # of ppl. Ex: modify offerings in vending machines

63
Q

Community mobilization strategies

A

Directly involve participants in the change process. Include coalition building and lobbying.

64
Q

Health communication strategies

A

Use all types if communication channels like print media, radio, tv, email, etc.

65
Q

Health policy and enforcement strategies

A

Mandate actions through laws, regulations, policies, or rules.

66
Q

Heath related community service strategies

A

Include services, tests or treatments to improve health of priority population. Ex: health risk appraisal, screenings

67
Q

Using _____ evaluation techniques to pilot test strategies and interventions is essential to program planning.

A

Formative

68
Q

What does pilot testing help to ensure

A

That messages and images are clear and consistent, culturally relevant and motivational.

69
Q

Ideas, beliefs, values, customs and Norms learned from family and community and passed down from generation to generation

A

Culture

70
Q

Degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health info and services needed to make health decision

A

Health literacy

71
Q

Process of putting a project, service, or program into effect.

A

Implementation

72
Q

Tailored vs targeted messages

A

Tailored is intended to reach one specific person or group based on characteristics unique to them, related to the outcome of interest and derived from an individual assessment. Whereas targeted is intended to reach a specific subgroup of general population based in a set of demographic characteristics.

73
Q

What are the 5 phases of the implementation process

A
  1. Engagements of individuals or organizations that make a decision to adopt and intervention or a program
  2. Specify tasks and estimate resources
  3. establish a system for program management
  4. Put the plans into action
  5. Ending or sustaining a program or intervention
74
Q

How can phase four of the implementation process be accomplished (put plans into action)

A

Pilot testing, phasing in or total implementation

75
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

Learning is an interaction between a person and his or her environment. Reciprocal determinism. Constructs are behavioral capability, expectations, expectancies, self control, emotional coping responses, self efficacy.

76
Q

Teams theoretical model

A 
Stages of change model. 
Pre contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance 
Termination
77
Q

Health belief model constructs

A

Perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action and self efficacy

78
Q

Theory of reasoned action and planned behavior

A

Recognize behavioral intention as let in determining behavior and assume behavior change is influenced by persons attitude toward the outcome and social or subjective norms

79
Q

Diffusion if innovations theory

A

Describes the rate at which a new program or activity will spread.
Innovators: first to adopt
Early adopters: wait till after innovators
Early majority: adopts once opinion leaders have
Late majority: adopts once new idea or program becomes the norm
Laggards: last or may never adopt

80
Q

Ecological models

A

Focus on interaction of person and environment.

81
Q

What are the four strategies used by coalitions

A

Networking, coordinating, cooperating, and collaborating

82
Q

Networking

A

Exchanging info for mutual benefit

83
Q

Coordinating

A

Exchanging info and altering activities for mutual benefit and to achieve common purpose

84
Q

Cooperating

A

Exchanging info, altering activities and sharing resources for mutual benefit and achieve a common purpose

85
Q

Collaborating

A

Exchanging info, altering activities, sharing resources and enhancing capacity of another for mutual benefit and to achieve a common purpose

86
Q

What are some examples of methods for producing a timeline with major activities and outputs and monitor programs implementation progress

A

PERT(program evaluation and review technique), CPM( critical path method)

87
Q

What do logic models display

A

Sequence of actions that describe what the program is and will do to achieve outcomes. Commonly used in program development and evaluation and are required by funding agencies.

88
Q

What are the five core components of logic models

A

Inputs: resources, contribution, and investments
Outputs: activities, services, events and products that reach people who participate or are targeted by the program
Outcomes: results of changes
Assumptions: beliefs about program, ppl involved, context of the program and way we think it will work
External factors: variety of favors that interact with and influence action

89
Q

Negligence

A

May result from omission or commission

90
Q

Belmont report

A

Summarizes basic ethical principles and guidelines for protection of human subjects

91
Q

Things included in informed consent

A 
Nature or purpose
Inherent risks or dangers 
Discomfort
Benefits
Alternatives 
Option if discontinuing
92
Q

What is a vital tool for reaching the target audience and achieving program objectives

A

Instructional technology

93
Q

Formative evaluation

A

Looks at ongoing process from planning through implementation

94
Q

Process evaluation

A

Any combo of measures that occur as a program is implemented to assure or improve the quality of performance. Or delivery

95
Q

Summarize evaluation

A

Associated with measures or judgements that enable the investigator to draw conclusions. Also associated with impact and outcome evaluations

96
Q

Impact evaluation

A

Immediate and observable effects

97
Q

Outcome evaluation

A

Focused on ultimate goal. Morbidity and mortality

98
Q

Systematic review

A

A published qualitative review of a comprehensive synthesis of publications on a particular topic

99
Q

Meta analyses

A

A systematic method of evaluating statistical data based on results of several independent studies of the same problem

100
Q

Pooled analyses

A

A method for collecting all the individual data from a group of studies combining them into one large set of data and then analyzing as if it came from one big study.

101
Q

Content validity

A

Face validity. Considers the instruments items of measurements for the relevant areas of interest

102
Q

Criterion validity

A

One measures correlation to another measure of a variable.

103
Q

Construct validity

A

Ensures that the concepts of an instrument relate to the concepts of a particular theory

104
Q

What does reliability assess

A

Whether the instrument is measuring concepts consistently. Is an issue of concern for observational data collection, as well as with data gathering instruments

105
Q

Attainment evaluation model

A

Focuses on program objectives and program goals, serve as standards for evaluation

106
Q

Decision making

A

Based on four components designed to provide the used with the context, input, processes and products with which to make decisions

107
Q

Goal free evaluation model

A

Not based on goals; evaluator searches for all outcomes including in intended positive and negative side effects

108
Q

Naturalistic evaluation model

A

Focuses on qualitative data and uses responsive information from participants in a program; most concerned with narrative explaining why behavior did or did not change

109
Q

Systems analysis evaluation model

A

Based on efficiency that uses cost benefits analysis to quantify effects of a program

110
Q

Utilization focused evaluation model

A

Done for and with a specific population

111
Q

Evaluation standards are used as a guide to manage

A

Evaluation processes and assess existing evaluations

112
Q

CDC framework for program eval

A 
Engage stakeholders
Describe the program
Focus the evaluation design
Gather credible evidence 
Justify conclusions 
Ensure use and share lessons learned
113
Q

Standards for effective evaluation

A

Utility, feasibility, propriety, accuracy

114
Q

Descriptive analysis

A

Uses stats. Provides simple summary about samples measures. Classifies as nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio

115
Q

Nominal score

A

Cannot be ordered hierarchically but are mutually exclusive (male and female)

116
Q

Ordinal score

A

Do not have a common unit of measurement between them but are hierarchical.

117
Q

Interval score

A

Have common units of measurement but no true zero

118
Q

Ratio score

A

Represents data with common measurements between each score and true zero

119
Q

Analytic analysis

A

Explanatory in nature and may use both descriptive stats and inferential stats to explain phenomena

120
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Used when researcher or evaluator wishes to draw conclusions about population from sample

121
Q

Probability sample

A

Aka random sample. Drawn when observations and measurements from the total population would be too costly, not feasible or unnecessary.

122
Q

Stratified sample

A

Divides a population into segments based on characteristics of importance for the research. Gender , age, social class, education level, religion

123
Q

Non probability samples

A

Not as a representative and are less desirable.

124
Q

Steps involved in qualitative data analysis

A

Data reduction, data display, conclusion drawing in verification

125
Q

5 elements for ensuring use of an evaluation

A

Design, preparation, feedback, follow up, dissemination

126
Q

Major steps in conducting an HIA

A

Health impact assessment

  • screening to identify projects or policies
  • scoping to identify health effects
  • assessing risks and benefits to identify which people may be affected and how they may be affected
  • developing recommendations to suggest changes to proposals to promote positive or mitigate adverse health effects
  • reporting to present the results to decision makers
  • evaluating to determine effect of HIA on decision
127
Q

HIA

A

Used to objectively evaluate the potential health effects of a project or policy before it is developed or implemented

128
Q

What tool is useful in assessing the baseline of the status of an organization

A

Stakeholder analysis

129
Q

MAPP

A

Mobilizing for action through planning and partnerships

130
Q

Logic models

A

Aka roadmaps. Provide visual representation of programs but also mission, context which operate and external variables.

131
Q

SWOT

A

Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Situational analysis tool.

132
Q

VMOSA

A

Vision, mission, objectives, strategies and action plans. Situational analysis tool.

133
Q

What planning models accommodate both internal and external influences with multisystem ecological approaches

A

PRECEDE PROCEED and MATCH

134
Q

NCHS

A

National center for health statistics

135
Q

Authoritative sources of consumer health info

A

Medlineplus, health finder and health on the net (HON)

136
Q

Sites that include examples of evidence based interventions that have been proven to work

A 
NCI RTIPS (national cancer institutes research tested intervention programs)
DEBIs (diffusion of effective behavioral interventions)
SAMSHA EBP (evidence based practices)
NREPP (national registry of evidence based programs and practice)
137
Q

ASHA

A

American school health association

138
Q

AAHE

A

American association for health education

139
Q

GEM

A

Gateway to educational materials

140
Q

HRSA

A

Health resources and services administration (HHS)

141
Q

What are the bibliographic databases for health info in published journals

A

MEDLINE
ERIC (education resource info center)
CHID (combined health info database through NIH and HRSA)
CINAHL (cumulative index for nursing and allied health literature)
EBMR (evidence based medicine reviews)
HaPI (health and psychosocial instruments)
Psycinfo

142
Q

HaPI

A

Health and psychosocial instruments. Collects rating scales, tests, etc for assessment or eval purposes

143
Q

EMBR

A

Evidence based medicine review

Offered database of abstracts and reviews, health technology assessments and cochrane library

144
Q

What’s a more effective way to present statistical health data

A

Graphical data instead of numbers to lay audience

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