CHES exam Flashcards
1
Q
What are the key concepts in community organizing and community building?
A
Empowerment, Critical Conciousness, Community Capacity, Issue Selection, Participation and Relevance
2
Q
What are the steps for effective coalition
A
analyze the issue or prgram on which the coalition will focus, create awareness of the issue, conduct initual coalition planning and recruitment, develop resources and funding for the coalition, create coalition infrastructure, elect coalition leaderships, create an action plan
3
Q
The systematic identification of needs within a population and determination of the degree to which those needs are being met
A
Needs Assessment
4
Q
Primary Data
A
Data gathered by the health education specialist directly from or about the individual or population of interest. These data answer questions related to the specific needs assessment.
5
Q
In which means is primary data mostly collected
A
surveys, interviews, focus groups and direct observation
6
Q
Secondary data
A
data that have already been collected by others that may or may not be directly gathered from the individual or population being assessed
7
Q
Examples of secondary data
A
existing research published in peer reviewed journals and/ or datasets, US Census, Vital Records and Disease Registries
8
Q
Stakeholders
A
may be involved in program operations as program manager, program staff, partners, funding agencies, coalition members or those served or affected by the program\ project including patients, clients, advocacy groups and community members
9
Q
What is the 6 step process for conducting a needs assessment
A
determine the scope of work and the purpose for the needs assessments, other the data, analyze the data, id any factors linked to the health problem, identify the focus for the program, validate the need before continuing with the planning process
10
Q
What questions do theories answer
A
why, what and how
11
Q
What are the five models for conducting a needs assessment
A
epidemiological model, public health model, social model, asset model, and rapid model
12
Q
Epidemiological model
A
focuses on epi data like death rates, prevalaence rates and birth rates
13
Q
Public Health model
A
attempts to quantify health problems and often uses epi data but can be more focuses on a specific poplation and be mindful of limitations of resources. PRECEDE PROCEED can be tool for approach
14
Q
Social model
A
investigates social or political issues that influence health
15
Q
Asset model
A
focuses on the strengths of a community, organization, or population and looks to find ways to use existing assets to improve health.
16
Q
Rapid model
A
framework that is used when time and money are lacking for a needs assessment. Offers some basic information but lacks detail.
17
Q
Primary Sources of Data
A
Survey, interview, observation, community forums and meetings, nominal group, Delphi panel, self assessment
18
Q
Nominal Group
A
highly structured process in which a few representatives from the priority population are asked to respond to questions based on specific needs. small group of five to seven with each member having an equal voice in the discussion
19
Q
Delphi panel
A
a group process that generates consensus by using a series of mailed or emailed questionnaires. process involves individuals from three groups, decision makers, staff and program participants.
20
Q
Secondary Data
A
federal government agencies, MMWR, Census records, SSA, nongovernmental agencies (hospital), peer reviewed journals, published scientific studies and reports
21
Q
Behavioral Factors
A
actions of individuals, groups, or communities. ex: compliance, consumptions, utilization patterns, coping, preventative actions and self care
22
Q
Environmental factors
A
determinants outside of the individual that can be modified to support behavior, healt and QOL. EX: economic, physical, public services and individuals access to affordability of and equity in health services
23
Q
Individual factors
A
educational, social and cultural characteristics of the individual. knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and perceptions
24
Q
According to the ecological model behavior has multiple influences such as
A
intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizations, community, and public policy
25
Predisposing factors
individual knowledge and affective traits
26
enabling factors
factors that make possible a change in behavior
27
reinforcing factors
feedback and encouragement resulting from a changed behavior, perhaps from significant or important others
28
What does program planning begin with
The assessment of existing health needs, problems and concerns
29
Set of planned activities over time designed to achieve specific objectives
Programs
30
The process of identifying needs, establishing priorities, diagnosing causes of problems, assessing and allocating resources and determining barriers to achieving objectives
Program planning
31
A statement of the distinctive purpose of and unique reason for the existence of a programs. Enduring over time and Id the scope or focus of the organization or program
Mission statement
32
General, long term statements of desired program outcomes and provide the direction upon which all objectives are based
Goals
33
Statements that describe, in measurable terms the changes in behavior, attitude, knowledge, skills, or health status that will occur in the intervention group as a result of the program. They are small, specific steps that enable the goal to be met
Objectives
34
Public or private, nonprofit organization of demonstrated effectiveness that is representative of a community or significant segments of a community and provides educational or related services to individuals in the community.
Community based organization
35
Why are some ways a priority population can be identified?
Needs assessment, current health crisis, public figure health status, request of health officials
36
What are the primary communication channels
Interpersonal, intrapersonal, organizational and community, and mass media
37
What are some ways to eliminate obstacles from obtaining input from priority populations and stake holders
Make personal contact with key representatives, provide incentives for participation, choose easily accessible meeting locations and conduct training programs for them
38
Who may a planning committee consist of
Representatives from all segments if the priority population, active community members, influential members of the community, representatives of the sponsoring agency, stakeholders and effective leaders
39
What is important to develop the support necessary for successful program planning?
Understand group dynamics and focus in team building
40
Processes vs outcomes
Processes might include program components, activities, delivery and time frame while outcomes could include short term changes (attitudes, skills, behaviors) or long term changes (behavior adherence, health status)
41
What needs to be done before data collection
Determine outcome to be achieved. May include changing behavioral risks, modifying environ characteristics, influence public policy and media awareness
42
Program planning includes
Designing appropriate interventions. Level of prevention, level of influence. Should be based on learning and educational theories and tailored
43
When are models used
Early in the planning process to help create an ideal strategy for implementation
44
PRECEDE- PROCEED phases
Social, epidemiological, educational and ecological, administrative and policy assessment, implementation, process, impact and outcome evaluation
45
Social assessment
Define QOL of priority population
46
Epidemiological assessment
Identify health problems of priority population and determine and prioritize behavior and environmental risk factors associated with the health problem
47
Educational and ecological assessment
Determine predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors
48
Admin and policy assessment
Determine resources available for the program
49
Implementation
Select strategies and activities, begin program
50
Process evaluation
Document program feasibility
51
Impact evaluation
Assess immediate effect of an intervention
52
Outcome evaluation
Determines whether long term program goals were met
53
MATCH
Multilevel approach to community health
54
What are the phases of MATCH
Goals selection, intervention planning, program development, implementation preparations and evaluation
55
Program planning process designed to influence the voluntary behavior of a specific audience to achieve social rather than financial objective
Social marketing
56
The process of informing a priority population about a health issue
Health communication
57
How does health communication reach populations about behavior change
Interpersonal, small group, organization, community and mass media channels. Ex: CDCynergy
58
CDCYNERGY phases
```
Define and describe problem
Analyze problem
Identify and profile audience
Develop communication strategies
Develop and evaluation plan
Launch the plan and obtain feedback
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59
What is one of the first items to consider when designing a health promotion intervention
Whether strategies address goals and objectives set by program planners
60
What strategies can be used to meet the objectives of a program
Educational health engineering, community mobilization, health communication, health policy and enforcement, and health related community service strategies
61
Educational strategies
Associated with classroom based courses. Ex: printed materials, social networking, brainstorming, case studies, lectures, role playing, simulations
62
Health engineering strategies
Change the social or physical environment in high ppl live or work. Effect large # of ppl. Ex: modify offerings in vending machines
63
Community mobilization strategies
Directly involve participants in the change process. Include coalition building and lobbying.
64
Health communication strategies
Use all types if communication channels like print media, radio, tv, email, etc.
65
Health policy and enforcement strategies
Mandate actions through laws, regulations, policies, or rules.
66
Heath related community service strategies
Include services, tests or treatments to improve health of priority population. Ex: health risk appraisal, screenings
67
Using _____ evaluation techniques to pilot test strategies and interventions is essential to program planning.
Formative
68
What does pilot testing help to ensure
That messages and images are clear and consistent, culturally relevant and motivational.
69
Ideas, beliefs, values, customs and Norms learned from family and community and passed down from generation to generation
Culture
70
Degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health info and services needed to make health decision
Health literacy
71
Process of putting a project, service, or program into effect.
Implementation
72
Tailored vs targeted messages
Tailored is intended to reach one specific person or group based on characteristics unique to them, related to the outcome of interest and derived from an individual assessment. Whereas targeted is intended to reach a specific subgroup of general population based in a set of demographic characteristics.
73
What are the 5 phases of the implementation process
1. Engagements of individuals or organizations that make a decision to adopt and intervention or a program
2. Specify tasks and estimate resources
3. establish a system for program management
4. Put the plans into action
5. Ending or sustaining a program or intervention
74
How can phase four of the implementation process be accomplished (put plans into action)
Pilot testing, phasing in or total implementation
75
Social cognitive theory
Learning is an interaction between a person and his or her environment. Reciprocal determinism. Constructs are behavioral capability, expectations, expectancies, self control, emotional coping responses, self efficacy.
76
Teams theoretical model
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Stages of change model.
Pre contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Termination
```
77
Health belief model constructs
Perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action and self efficacy
78
Theory of reasoned action and planned behavior
Recognize behavioral intention as let in determining behavior and assume behavior change is influenced by persons attitude toward the outcome and social or subjective norms
79
Diffusion if innovations theory
Describes the rate at which a new program or activity will spread.
Innovators: first to adopt
Early adopters: wait till after innovators
Early majority: adopts once opinion leaders have
Late majority: adopts once new idea or program becomes the norm
Laggards: last or may never adopt
80
Ecological models
Focus on interaction of person and environment.
81
What are the four strategies used by coalitions
Networking, coordinating, cooperating, and collaborating
82
Networking
Exchanging info for mutual benefit
83
Coordinating
Exchanging info and altering activities for mutual benefit and to achieve common purpose
84
Cooperating
Exchanging info, altering activities and sharing resources for mutual benefit and achieve a common purpose
85
Collaborating
Exchanging info, altering activities, sharing resources and enhancing capacity of another for mutual benefit and to achieve a common purpose
86
What are some examples of methods for producing a timeline with major activities and outputs and monitor programs implementation progress
PERT(program evaluation and review technique), CPM( critical path method)
87
What do logic models display
Sequence of actions that describe what the program is and will do to achieve outcomes. Commonly used in program development and evaluation and are required by funding agencies.
88
What are the five core components of logic models
Inputs: resources, contribution, and investments
Outputs: activities, services, events and products that reach people who participate or are targeted by the program
Outcomes: results of changes
Assumptions: beliefs about program, ppl involved, context of the program and way we think it will work
External factors: variety of favors that interact with and influence action
89
Negligence
May result from omission or commission
90
Belmont report
Summarizes basic ethical principles and guidelines for protection of human subjects
91
Things included in informed consent
```
Nature or purpose
Inherent risks or dangers
Discomfort
Benefits
Alternatives
Option if discontinuing
```
92
What is a vital tool for reaching the target audience and achieving program objectives
Instructional technology
93
Formative evaluation
Looks at ongoing process from planning through implementation
94
Process evaluation
Any combo of measures that occur as a program is implemented to assure or improve the quality of performance. Or delivery
95
Summarize evaluation
Associated with measures or judgements that enable the investigator to draw conclusions. Also associated with impact and outcome evaluations
96
Impact evaluation
Immediate and observable effects
97
Outcome evaluation
Focused on ultimate goal. Morbidity and mortality
98
Systematic review
A published qualitative review of a comprehensive synthesis of publications on a particular topic
99
Meta analyses
A systematic method of evaluating statistical data based on results of several independent studies of the same problem
100
Pooled analyses
A method for collecting all the individual data from a group of studies combining them into one large set of data and then analyzing as if it came from one big study.
101
Content validity
Face validity. Considers the instruments items of measurements for the relevant areas of interest
102
Criterion validity
One measures correlation to another measure of a variable.
103
Construct validity
Ensures that the concepts of an instrument relate to the concepts of a particular theory
104
What does reliability assess
Whether the instrument is measuring concepts consistently. Is an issue of concern for observational data collection, as well as with data gathering instruments
105
Attainment evaluation model
Focuses on program objectives and program goals, serve as standards for evaluation
106
Decision making
Based on four components designed to provide the used with the context, input, processes and products with which to make decisions
107
Goal free evaluation model
Not based on goals; evaluator searches for all outcomes including in intended positive and negative side effects
108
Naturalistic evaluation model
Focuses on qualitative data and uses responsive information from participants in a program; most concerned with narrative explaining why behavior did or did not change
109
Systems analysis evaluation model
Based on efficiency that uses cost benefits analysis to quantify effects of a program
110
Utilization focused evaluation model
Done for and with a specific population
111
Evaluation standards are used as a guide to manage
Evaluation processes and assess existing evaluations
112
CDC framework for program eval
```
Engage stakeholders
Describe the program
Focus the evaluation design
Gather credible evidence
Justify conclusions
Ensure use and share lessons learned
```
113
Standards for effective evaluation
Utility, feasibility, propriety, accuracy
114
Descriptive analysis
Uses stats. Provides simple summary about samples measures. Classifies as nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio
115
Nominal score
Cannot be ordered hierarchically but are mutually exclusive (male and female)
116
Ordinal score
Do not have a common unit of measurement between them but are hierarchical.
117
Interval score
Have common units of measurement but no true zero
118
Ratio score
Represents data with common measurements between each score and true zero
119
Analytic analysis
Explanatory in nature and may use both descriptive stats and inferential stats to explain phenomena
120
Inferential statistics
Used when researcher or evaluator wishes to draw conclusions about population from sample
121
Probability sample
Aka random sample. Drawn when observations and measurements from the total population would be too costly, not feasible or unnecessary.
122
Stratified sample
Divides a population into segments based on characteristics of importance for the research. Gender , age, social class, education level, religion
123
Non probability samples
Not as a representative and are less desirable.
124
Steps involved in qualitative data analysis
Data reduction, data display, conclusion drawing in verification
125
5 elements for ensuring use of an evaluation
Design, preparation, feedback, follow up, dissemination
126
Major steps in conducting an HIA
Health impact assessment
- screening to identify projects or policies
- scoping to identify health effects
- assessing risks and benefits to identify which people may be affected and how they may be affected
- developing recommendations to suggest changes to proposals to promote positive or mitigate adverse health effects
- reporting to present the results to decision makers
- evaluating to determine effect of HIA on decision
127
HIA
Used to objectively evaluate the potential health effects of a project or policy before it is developed or implemented
128
What tool is useful in assessing the baseline of the status of an organization
Stakeholder analysis
129
MAPP
Mobilizing for action through planning and partnerships
130
Logic models
Aka roadmaps. Provide visual representation of programs but also mission, context which operate and external variables.
131
SWOT
Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Situational analysis tool.
132
VMOSA
Vision, mission, objectives, strategies and action plans. Situational analysis tool.
133
What planning models accommodate both internal and external influences with multisystem ecological approaches
PRECEDE PROCEED and MATCH
134
NCHS
National center for health statistics
135
Authoritative sources of consumer health info
Medlineplus, health finder and health on the net (HON)
136
Sites that include examples of evidence based interventions that have been proven to work
```
NCI RTIPS (national cancer institutes research tested intervention programs)
DEBIs (diffusion of effective behavioral interventions)
SAMSHA EBP (evidence based practices)
NREPP (national registry of evidence based programs and practice)
```
137
ASHA
American school health association
138
AAHE
American association for health education
139
GEM
Gateway to educational materials
140
HRSA
Health resources and services administration (HHS)
141
What are the bibliographic databases for health info in published journals
MEDLINE
ERIC (education resource info center)
CHID (combined health info database through NIH and HRSA)
CINAHL (cumulative index for nursing and allied health literature)
EBMR (evidence based medicine reviews)
HaPI (health and psychosocial instruments)
Psycinfo
142
HaPI
Health and psychosocial instruments. Collects rating scales, tests, etc for assessment or eval purposes
143
EMBR
Evidence based medicine review
| Offered database of abstracts and reviews, health technology assessments and cochrane library
144
What's a more effective way to present statistical health data
Graphical data instead of numbers to lay audience
